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BI“ BO, 


LESSONS IN GREEK; 
~~ ' « 


A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION 
TO THE : * 


GREEK LANGUAGE, 


s . 4 
AS A LIVING TONGUE. j 





BY THEODORE DWIGHT, JR: 





SPRINGFIELD: 


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PUBLISHED BY G. AND C. MERRIAM. 
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PREFACE. 


« 


Tis book is designed for the instruction of the young in 
the Greek as a spoken and written, that is, a living language. 

The author regards this as a highly important branch of 
education, and would have it taught before the Latin, as 
well as the French, Spanish, and Italian, all which owe to it 
their origin. This noble, venerable, highly cultivated, and 
useful language he would wish to see much more extensively 
and thoroughly understood than it ever has been in this 
Bk, that the best heathen writers may be familiarly read 
in the original, and still more the New Testament, with that 
translation of the Old, which was so often quoted by the apos- 
tles and the Savior. Having, however, had an aequaintance 
wit _old plan of studying and teaching Greek, he sees 
no ity of the desired end being accomplished until a 
fundamental change be made in the method. Sufficient evi- 
dence that the knowledge of Greek is at a very low ebb in 
the United States, is found in a recent declaration of Profes- 
sor Stuart, in which he represents the time devoted to it as 
so nearly wasted, that even graduates at Andover generally 
carry away with them hardly any useful knowledge of so im- 
portant a tongue. 


1 
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iv PREFACE. 


The ancient Greek grammars appear to have been designed 
for text books for the occasional reference of instructors. But 
although our grammars at the present day are formed on the 
same genera! plan, teachers in England and the United States 
have often persisted in driving their pupils through the whole 
book, before they have allowed them to regard the language 
in the only proper light: that is, as a thing for practical use. 
When language is otherwise presented, than as a convenient 
vehicle for thought, it is misrepresented ; and when treated 
as something else in instruction, it can never be well ac- 
quired. Common grammars, so far from being adapted to 
the capacities of children, are formed ona plan which a ma- 
ture mind finds it exceedingly difficult as well as uninterest- 
ing to pursue; and although an instructor may acknowledge 
no other mode of teaching a language but that common in our 
institutions, he never submits to study in that manner if he 
ean avoid it, but seeks the aid of the living voice and ear, 
and chooses to apply the new words at once to objects around 
him, and feelings in his own breast. In this manner the 
memory is no less exercised, and it is employed in a more 
natural and rational. manner, while other powers of the 
mind are also brought into action at the same time; 
plan be such as should be adopted, other branches of knowl- 
edge, and,the training of the affections, may be connected 
with the study of language to a considerable extent. 

Different men of eminence have recommended the ons 








of a system of instruction allied to that commonly ed 
with mother tongues, among whom may be mentioned Mr. 
Locke, President Dwight, and Professor Stuart of Andover ; 
and some of our recent editions of Greek grammars have 
made some progress towards a change in this respect. But 
while we see such results in all ages and countries, in the 
progress of language among children, who pursue the method 
of nature, there can be no doubt that our ground work should 


a 


PREFACE. v 


if possible be laid on the same principles. An attempt is 
therefore made in this work to lead those beginning the stucy 
of a most important tongue, in a way which cannot be well 
pursued without the prospect of advantage. The lessons 
are designed to guide the teacher as well as the student: for 
although some such course of varied questions was probably 
pursued by teachers in ancient times, and is supposed by the 
grammars to grow out of the principles they contain, it re- 
quires a familiarity with the language which is rarely to be 
found among us. Some of our best teachers of modern lan- 
guages now pursue a somewhat similar plan in their classes. 

It will be seen that various principles are used in the course 
of these Lessons, such as some of Jacotov’s, Fellenberg’s, 
Hamilton’s, &c. all which may be more properly compre- 
hended under the natural or maternal system. It may seem 
to some persons, that the adaptation of Greek stanzas to 
moderp times is an improper familiarity with that venerable 
tongue : but its excellencies and beauties are of such a na- 
ture, that they are only enhanced by intimate acquaintance. 

The mind easily and naturally deduces general principles 
from isolated cases, and improves by the practice: opportuni- 
ties ate therefore afforded in this work for the exercise of this 
propensity. It often makes great exertions also, and accom- 
‘plishes much while it is laboring to attain an ulterior object, 
and not discouraged by being set at an acknowledged task. 
On this account the forms of letters are first held up to view, 
eae will probably learn their names without much 
sensible exertion. Exceptions from general rules form the 
most unpleasant and yet not the most important part of 
grammar; and therefore many of the secondary rules, em- 
bracing only exceptions have been omiited in these intro- 
ductory Lessons. As the mind of the pnpil is the great ma- 
chine by which the difficulties of the language are to be over- 
come, opportunities are here offered for its employment, in 

tbs 


vi PREFACE. 


the encouraging task of self instruction in retirement as well 
as in the regular hours of study; and this part of the plan, 
as well as. others, may be greatly varied according to cir- 
cumstances. w “3 

On these principles the author has great reason to rely, 
though he apprehends that he may not have done them full 
justice in their application. 

We have no uniform system of pronunciation for the 
Greek, and none which can be right if the principles of Eras- 
mus are just: for in professing to follow his plan we give 
several letters the sounds of*the English instead of the Ger- 
man language. The pronunciation of the modern Greeks is 
harmonious, easy, and useful in tracing etymology in Greek 
as well as other languages, while its acquisition introduces us 
at once to a spoken tongue. It has been therefore adopted 
in this work, though the plan of study may be pursued with 
advantage if it be discarded. The Greek, it will be rved, 
is here treated as one language, containing several dialects, 
among which the Modern receives the greatest attention, be- 
cause practically useful in introducing us to the general fea- 
tures of the whole tongue. , 

The teacher or pupil need only to be referred to the s 
rior advantages enjoyed by every Greek of the present day, 
in the study of the language of his ancestors, to be con- 
vinced that a familiar acquaintance with their mother tongue 
is highly important, whether its affinity to the aneient be 
near or distant. 

The following remarks, the author wishes it to be under- 
stood, are made rather for the gratification of the curiosity 
of those who have never examined the Modern Greek language, 
than to gain any opinions in favor of his own; as he wishes 
to urge the adoption of the principles of instruction in these 
Lessons chiefly on the ground that they are highly expedi- 
ent. He regards the Modern and Ancient tongues of Greece 


PREFACE. vii 


as no more unlike than the English of Chaucer from that of 
our present writers, and much less so than many of the in- 
telligible dialects of England, France, Italy, &c. from those 
of there respective courts, or those of the ignorant and the 
refined of our own country. © The great question, however, 
still is; Is the plan proposed expedient ? 

F, which is called in Greek the digamma or double gam- 
ma, (as it has the form of two F's,) was introduced into An- 
cient Greek at an early period, and at first expressed sounds 
which were subsequently represented by the letters 7, 7, 5, 
, a, @, %, as well as v, ov, ov, It was differently used in 
some of the dialects. The Aolians, for instance, are said to 
have placed it between two vowels to improve the sound, al- 
ways after o and «, and sometimes before some consonants. 
The various uses of the digamma must have produced a con- 
fusion to the eye, even where none existed to the ear. On 
this principle many differences in the ancient dialects will 
appear only as differences in spelling, and not in sound. 

The modern Greeks give the same sound of long English 
e to 7, +, v, (when a vowel,) os, e+, 74, or 7, and we. 

The following facts, from ancient sources, seem to indi- 
cate that this accords with the ancient pronunciation. 

It may first be remarked, that the word diphthong, dég- 
Goyyos, (two sounds,) is said to have been applied to the let- 
ter ¢, (and not to any joined vowels,) because originally it 
was sounded in two ways in different situations. One of 
these sounds was that of a in mate, and the other that of e 
long, which was represented in writing by the addition of ¢, 
which had that sound. It seems, therefore, that e¢ and « 
were sounded alike by the ancients. E derived its name 
of €ythoy from thus losing one of its sounds. @@oyyos is 
defined as originally meaning a letter of the alphabet. 

The old grammarians divide what are now called the diph- 
thongs, (that is the joined vowels,) into three sorts: ae and 


viii PREFACE. 


ov; se and ov; and ev and év; of which the last sort only 
are said to have successive sounds. (This is the fact in 
Modern Greek, as they are pronounced av or af, and ev or 
f) 

A, +, and v are doubtful, and equal, so that when any two 
of them are joined one cannot give sound to the diphthong. 
As it must have some sound, therefore, it is argued, it must 
preserve both, or assume anewone. Y, however, is a conso- 
nant when it follows a vowel, and cannot lose its sound by 
crasis. 4s accordingly has anew sound, (that is different 
from that of @ or 4,) being pronounced like e. But v, being 
a consonant when it follows a vowel, cannot lose its sound 
by the rule called crasis, and therefore is to be pronounced ; 
and.v preserving its sound, @ or ¢ should do the same when 
joined with it; and we accordingly find «ev and ev pro- 
nounced af or av, ef or ev. 

E and o are short vowels; and when joined with a doubt- 
ful one, lose their sound, the diphthong taking the sound of 
the doubtful vowel alone; and so when a doubtful is joined 
with a long vowel, only the long is sounded: as w+ or @ and 
7¢ Or n are sounded and 7, both in nouns and verbs. 

An ancient writer speaking of ¢@ as having a double sound, 
that is, one different at the end from that at the beginning, 
says, that the sound of a is quite different, for the same 
sound is heard throughout. “The sounds of ov and «,” he 
adds, “are of a similar description: simple, not compound, 
and unchanged.” The authority here referred ee 
Empiricus, is quoted by Meinas as directly opposed to the 
principles of pronunciation assumed by Erasmus. 

The rules of poetry require, it would seem, that the sounds 
of diphthongs be simple, to make dactyls and spondees, as 
in this verse of Homer: 

Ein’ dye’ | metal ate? panies mdya|noder jaeiresse. 

1. 2 3 d 5 6 





PREFACE. ix 


According to Erasmus’ rules of pronunciation, the first four 
feet would have four syllables each, and. could not be dae- 
tyls, and the last foot also could not be a spondee. 

Again, compare this verse with another of Homer’s, in 
which are vowels long by nature or by position in the place 
of diphthongs. 


d 


Here < in the foot marked @ corresponds with ¢- in that 
marked 1; and ifone has a simple sound, the other, it would 
seem, cannot have a double one. The same may be said of 
» in 2 and ov in b, and of yavdy and of @6or. If ae is 
sounded as by Erasmus, yetwy must have three syllables, 
while &¢g» cannot have more than two. A line is never 
overloaded with sy]lables by Homer except the sense requires 
it; and then a supernumerary is expected to be elided in 
reading. 

Meinas remarks, that although there are said to be six vow- 
els and diphthongs to which the modern Greeks give the - 
sound of e long, it is to be remembered that they merit rath- 
er to be regarded as one ‘and the same thing written in diffe- 
rent ancient dialects. Each dialect had an ¢ peculiar to it- 
self. The ancient Thessalians wrote it 0+, the Beotians «-, 
the Dorians 7, the Tonians vin many words, and the o- 
lians +. But as no grammar is considered complete which 
does not comprehend all, they erroneously pass as distinct ¢s. 

Before Erasmus the Modern Greek pronunciation pre- 
vailed in Europe, as.is proved by the grammar of Scote, pub- 
lished in London in 1604, and that of Clenardus, published 
in Frankfort in 1590.* 


*Eote rt lal aa ed hace ds Gab ad 
a b e 4 





* The Author here copies the names of the Greek letters from 
an edition of Clenardus? Grammar in his possession, published in 
Hanover in 1604. The power of the letters is of course that of the 


x PREPACE, 


One ancient writer says, that « was so pronounced as to 
make the sound come through the teeth, the mouth being a 
little open, but without any movement of the lips. He says 
again, that ¢ was pronounced with the mouth open; but o 
better disposes the aperture. 

Aristophanes says that daéxesSay was by some gramma- 
rians written @éxcEay ; and Eustatius makes remarks which 
show that «s and « were sounded alike. He also says in 
speaking of book B of the Iliad, v. 93, that « was formerly 
written «+, “which had the same sound.” The ancient 
Ionians contracted ve into +; as 7odve¢ into wolsg, cegdy into 

‘égév ; while the Attics made it es. Now the Ionians analyze 
év into ee, as pthee for meher, which shows that they used « 
for «t. In many ancient inscriptions, « is substituted for &-. 
A scholiast says otoystov must not be written with « How 
could there have been any necessity for saying this, unless 
the sound of «év and « had been the same ? 

In numerous Greek names, and other words, the Romans 
represented et by I: as Wethos, Nilus: Aei6m, libo, &c. &e. 
and Aulus Gellius says they usually wrote the terminations 
of the plural nouns in e¢, but afterwards omitted thes. The 
olians wrote Aé yuu, dé yes, dé yvor, 

The circumflex accent in a diphthong is places over the 
vowel whose sound is retained : Antoi, Heguidet. The 
rules for placing the accents Wititeasize, if the sounds of 
ov and &¢ are separated, the grave accent should be used, as 
these vowels are short. An ancient writer remarks, that the 





German, giving a the sound it has in father, e that of ain mate, zin 
unique, &c. ; 

Alpha, a; vita, v; gamma,g: delta, d; epsilon, e; zita, z; 
ita,i; thita, th; iota, i; cappa, kc; lambda,l; my,m; ny, n; 
xi, x ; omicron, o parvum ; pi, p; rho, r; sigma, s; tau, t; ypsilon, 
y; phi, ph; chi,ch; psi, ps; omega, o magnum. 


PREFACE. xi 


circumflex accent was used in /otov, because the Zolians, 
dividing vowels 0, ¢, said Advor, 

‘These few extracts are made from Meinas as examples of 
the numerous arguments with which he contends for the an- 
tiquity of the Modern Greek pronunciation, and rather for 
the gratification of common readers than the establishment of 
the point: for the author repeats, that he considers the expe- 
diency of its adoption in our schools as sufficient ground for 
proposing it, even to such as may suppose it differs as widely 
from the pronunciation of ancient days asourown. As has 
been before remarked, some light on the affinity of the 
ancient and modern Greek may be found in the following 
pages 






















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LESSONS IN GREEK. 


FIRST LESSON. 


[Let these words be written on the black board, or on a slate or pa- 
per, before the class assemble, and placed where all may see them 
distinctly from their seats.] 

°Eyo youpa EMLOTOMNY. 
I write a letter. 


(The following questions may be put to the whole class: but it is 
generally better to put questions to one scholar at a time, sometimes in 
order as they sit or stand, and sometimes selecting them without re- 
gard to order, to keep them attentive.] 


How many Greek words are here? How many letters 
are in the first? Write the first letter. This capital or 
large €psilon is like what English letter? Epsilon sounds 
like ein met, or ain mate. Now write the second letter. 
Gamma,* you see, is made long: the pen being carried 
down below the line, and brought up again. That is the 
Greek g. Now write émega. Gamma, omega spell go. 
What is the whole word ? Speak it. Erase it. Write the 
first letter. What is it?. How does it sound? Write the 





* Speak gamma as if spelt gammah; and omega, as if spelt 6mégah. 


10 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


second. What is it? How does it sound?. The third. 
What is it ? How does it sound ? Put the little mark before or 
over epsilon, which is the soft breathing, and shows that the 
ancient Greeks usec to sound it as if h came before it. Mark 
the long accent over omega. That shows that you are to speak 
it more strongly than the rest of the word: ég6, not égo: é 
must be sounded like e in met, or a in mate; and é likee in me. 
Now erase it, and write the word again. What is the first 
letter? Second? Third? What must you put over the 
first? Why? What over the third? Why? Erase and 
write it again. 
How many letters are in the second word? What is th 
first? What is it like? What does it sound like? Write 
the second. Ro, as you see, goes below the line, but does 
not come up to it again. Write alpha. That is the Greek 
a, and sounds like a in father. Spell this first syllable after 
me: gamma, ro, alpha—grra, [pronounced grah.] Erase it. 
Write it again. What is the first letter? Second? Third ? 
Write the fourth, phe. What is the last? What doegsphe, 
Omega spell? Put the sharp accent over alpha. That 
shows that it is sounded more strongly than any other part 
of the word, as ais in father. It is spoken grapho, not grapho. 
Erase the two words. Write the first. The second. 
Erase them again. What is the last letter in the first word 2 
The second? The first? What is the third letter in the 
second word? The fifth? 'The fourth? Second? First? 
Erase them. Write the second word: the first before it. 
What accents are to be placed over them? Where? Why? 
What breathing? Where? Why? 
How many letters are in the third word? Write the first. 


FIRST LESSON, 11 


It is a small épsilon. What does épsilon sound like? What 
is over it? Why? Write the second letter. The third. 
Spell this syllable after me: épsilon, pe, iota—épi. Erase 
and write it again. Write the next syllable: sigma, taf, omi- 
kron—sto. Write it again. Write the seventh letter, lam- 
da. The eighth, eta. The ninth, ne—/en. Erase and 
write it again, and put the dull accent over eta. This shows 
that eta is spoken more strongly than any other part of the 
word. What mark is over epsilon? Why? Erase the 
whole word. Speak it. What isthe first letter? Second ? 
&c. &c. Erase it. What is the last letter? The fifth ? &e. 
Where is the soft breathing to be placed? Which accent is 
used? Where is it put? Why? Erase the word. Write 
all the three words. Speak them. What do these mean ? 


[Make every scholar speak the sentence many times, with the proper 
accents, until all are familiar with them. Make all write them over 
and over again, and spell them, naming all the letters, till they know 
them by heart.] 


What letters are used more than once in these three words ? 
What are used only once? Let each write down in a line 
all the different letters, with the names and sounds against 
them: thus, 


E« epsilon like e in met. 
7 gamma g 
® Omega ty) 


and so go on with the other letters. 


[The Greeks have a written hand, as different from the printed text 
as ours is. It is easy and useful to learn it and use it.] 


O-uéy«, or omega, means great or long 0. O-sxgdv, or 


12 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


omikron, means small 0. £-wihoy, or epsilon, means sharp 
or small e. Write uéya, juixoov, and wiioy, What letters 
are here which were not given before? Write them under 
the others, with their names and sounds against them. 4 is 
called me, and sounds like m. ~ is called kappa, and sounds 
like k. wy is called pse, and sounds like ps. How many 
letters have you now in all? There are in Greek only 24 
letters. In English there are 26. 

Who can put together any of these words so as to make 
sense? [se sounds like e in me.] 


‘Eoti, avdgwmos, xahoc, gihoc, owgos, 
is. man. good. friend. wise. 
guaviowmoc, giidcopos, Y, 6, — obtos, 
plalanthropist. philosopher. was. the. this. 
@vTOCG, TOéxel, éyet, mMeQuTdte, inmos, 
he. runs. speaks. walks. horse. 
[Those who can make sentences of these words should write, spell, 
speak, and translate them over and over; and the other scholars after 


them. When one has written or spoken, inquire of others whether it 
is right, &c.] 


What letters are there in these words which you have not 
had before? Set them down. v is called vwidorv, (epsé- 
lon,) and sounds like e in me, or like v or f- 


FIRST LESSON. 13 


The 24 Greek letters when placed in order are: 


Letters. Names. Sound like 
Aa alpha a in father 
B @8 beta or veta vy“ van | 
roy gamma g before a, @, 0 

Y “ My by Vy &b, Ob 
40 delta th in this 
E « epsilon e “ met 
AME i zeta z zinc 
H eta e “ me 
QO 6% theta th* thin 
ro“ iota e “ me 
Kx kappa k “ king 
Ae lamda “1 & let 
M w me m “ man 
N v ne n “* no 
2 & xe x “ siz 
O o omikron } o “ not or no 
iT x pe p “ put 

after w andy like b 
Pap ro ; r “ rope 
= osc sigma s © so 
Y old taf t “ to 
Yu eipsilon e “ me 

after a, 2,7, 1, like for v 

P phe ; ph* physic 
bles 3 hhe hh oh, how 
Fw pse ps “ gipsey 
2 w omega o “ no 





14 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


What are the two first letters called? Speak them toge- 
ther. What English word do they sound like? Alphabet 
means what we mean when we speak of a,b,c. There are 
many words from the Greek in our language, which mean 
nothing more than some very common English words. 


[Having removed the alphabet, the teacher, if he have time, may say 
—Write omikron. Give its sound. Delta. Its sound. Pse. Its 
sound. &c. &c.] 

[Or the teacher may give the scholars these words, written by him 
or themselves, to take home and commit to memory, write, and speak.] 


Sound e asin me; @ as in met, or like ain mate; dlike th 
in this; oo as in boot; o as in no; and o7 as ein me. 


Kahy ‘huéoa, Aovhog Gos, 
kale heméra doolos sos 
Good day. Thy servant. 
(servant thy) 
Mico eyete; Ti Sélete; 
poz éhhété te thélété 


How do you do? What will you ? 
(How have you?) + (What do you want ?) 


"Edbete e8ig tov otxov pov. 
Come into the house of me, (my house.) 


ITot zioty 6 mating xal % pyTHQ MoV; 
poo esen ho pater ké he meter moo 
Where are the father and the mother ofme? 
(my father and mother.) 
Eig thy mol. 
ees ten bolin 


In _ the city. 


' oy tek 
+ oe 








‘EAETEIA, 


els rdv Adpd Bupdva. 















































































































































































































































Pay rf a 
Tt ee Ee Me 
ar aoe 9 Og 8 
iL Ld wl 
ay —-— ppl 5-1 Log Tt 
Tovs Aapnpods tpvovs ris vi - xng &@ - - divovy 
ty 4 ry - 
ge vT ] perme ey TT 
i o- age | 1__ e ~#—f 
Pe NE a Sa ear et eet 
Po T rn \ <a T T t 
e/ Ll | al | a =m, 
Kravopiv h ~ yet h - péwv 5 — orpards, Iixpws Av- 
9 8 0 PBs ert f 
1 y ‘ie Ss bares 
a Poet at Soa lt 1 af 
bre. Oy igh it 
-. we 
notyrac Yu - yal rav’EA - Ajvwv, T’d-xote pax-pd0ev Kat 
Qa ,—_ = | a @- —p- 
ry oo 2 ad Tr 
“@ Fett rot e-F—T 
| GA 68 oa at SR E 2 Biel Par 
Toe ~ i | t rr _ - | al 
e/ Wey 
xalp’ 5 dy - Obs. °O pt - Aas 7AOe, mdrdy 6 - Xs rdv 
-o- 
Ere SS 2 oe See 
a4 id ae 
ial tt Lat t t 
e/ — 
etdov, Skdnrovy KXalovres = Tov thgov ad - Tov" 
pe bsg a) gy — 
mae nats EA a can cam en Me 
PEE A, fa (Ae Pee San as Se 
SY _ig_-ig. i 4 aad — K 
eae yr yr aS D nit r Voy 
"Id0d 73 ré Nos & - - dédkwv a '- - xidwv, 
4, ie. 1 
| re _j -_ 6) a 
A |; ae ee oD SO Se 
fan LO A A A a 
e/ r re, 
Kat 7d 706 matov Oa -~ vd - Tov oxdrn - pov. 


*HXOc .v’ Eunveton ws GAs Tupraios, 
Efs xd0e oryOos nodépwv opp, 
TI\jv, get, 6 Bapdos eAnicas paralws, 
"Idod péver els aldvioy own. 


‘Qs dévdpov Ketrar bn’ éxdoper peyddws, 
Ti kopupiy povatxod Mapvaccod, 
nod@v POcloovea rd Kaddos 
Tlvoh rd Epprpev dvéuov opodpor. 


Nov xpd 


3 


4. 





"Hoops 
'RCir’ 266 


5, 


6. 


‘Edd\as! dy 7d cGpa h Ayla 
Na £0’ cls pvijpa Qnret narpixdy, 
Ein? Movodv, & phrep yduxeia, 
Elva: réxvov uov vids THv Movedy. 


Karagpoviy ipdrwy rods Ophvovs 
Agee dxotwyv Thy pwviy, 

& fhpdwv rods Kivdévovs, 
Tapov ds txn fipdwy els tiv yin. 


FIRST LESSON. 15 


Eig tnv éozn7y. Eig tov  oixoy. 
cs &§ exohhen & ton ekon 
ss “ country. s the house. 


{If the teacher will instruct the pupils to sing these beautiful verses, 
or give them copies and encourage them to learn them when absent from 
school, it will tend to increase their interest and progress in the lan- 
guage. ] 


Verses on the Death of a Friend of Greece. 
(Tune, Banks of the Dee, or Hail to the Chief.) 


(Pronounce e as in me; @ like e in met, or ain mate; d 
like th in this; th asin thin; a as in father.) 

‘O gihoc fOe ahjy pdlis tov eidod- 

ho phelos_ elthé plen moles ton edon 

The friend came; but hardly him they saw: 


Zxdintovy xhaiovtes TOY tagoy «avtov: 
skaptoon kléondes ton daphon  avtoo 


They dig, weeping, the grave of him: 
(Weeping they dig his grave :) 


*"Ido8 16 téhos -€vrddEwyv élnidwr, 
edoo to télos &ndoxon élpidon 


Behold the end of glorious hopes, 


Ket 10 todmacov Savdétov oaxingod. 
ké_ to tropéon thanatoo skleroo 


And the trophy of death cruel, (cruel death.) 
‘Ns dévdoov xsitae dm Exdouer psychos 
hos déndron_ keté hop ékozme mégalos 
As atree lies where it beautified greatly 


Tijv xogug7ivy povorxod ILlagvacaoi, 
ten korephen moozekoo Parnassoo 


The top of musical Parnassus. 


16 LESSONS IN GREEK. 

Niv 96 modGv gbsigovoa 16 xddiog, 
nen pro  podon_ phtheroosa to _ kallos 
Now under feet corrupted the beauty, 


IIvoj 16 é&Ggiwev dvéuov agpodgos. 
pnoe to érripsén anémoo sphodroo 


The breath it tore of awind too strong. 
(The breath of too strong a wind tore it.) 


SECOND LESSON. 


What is “I write a letter,’ in Greek? Spell the first 
word. The second. Third. What is the last letter in the 
third word? The fourth? Third? Fifth? &c. What 
accents are used? Where? Why? How many letters are 
there in Greek? What is the meaning of alphabet? How 
many Greek words do you know? Speak, spell, write 
them, (or some of them.) The next—How many do you 
know? &c. Who can make a new Greek sentence? Write, 
spell it. , 

Is grapho the name of any thing? Is epistolén? What 
sort of thing? What does grapho mean? What does it 
show ? 


Rute I. A noun is the name of a thing. 
- Rute II. A verb shows that something is for 
is done. 


Among the Greek words given at the close of the first les- 
son, which is the first noun? Why? The second? &c. 
Which is the first verb? Why? The second? &c. 


SECOND LESSON. 17 
EyS yoegw xalyny énvotodyjy. 


Which word here do you not know? Is it like either of 
the other words in this sentence, in any respect? In what re- 
spect? Spell it. Pronounce it. What accent is here? What 
does that show? ‘The third word means good. What then 
do the four Greek words mean? It often happens in Greek 
that words which belong together end alike. What ends 
like xadjv? What like &¢y@? Is xad4jyanoun? Why 
do you think so? What is a noun? Is xadjy a verb? 
What is a verb? Which rule speaks of a noun? Which of 
a verb? What isthe rule? Does xad7|y mean to be, or to 
do any thing? What does it show? What difference does 
it make in the meaning of the sentence, if you take it away 2 
What if you add it? 


°EyG = yoagw wxoryy éntotohry. 


Which word here do younot know? Spell it. Speak it. 
Where is the accent? Which accent is it? What does that 
show? Have you seena word nearly like it before? What 
does mikron mean inomikron? Mikren means the same here. 
It is changed from mikron to make it end like epistolen. 
Read the four words. What do they mean? Is the third 
word a noun? Why? A verb? Why? What does it 
show? What difference does it make in the meaning if it is 
taken away ? What if it is added? 


°Ey® yodgu weyaddny énrotodyjy. 


Spell the third word. Speak it. Where is the accent? 
Which accent? What does it show? What does méga 


18 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


mean in oméga? Megalen means the same here, and ends. 
like epistolen, to show that it belongs to it. Read the four 

words. What do they mean? What difference does it make 

to take away the third word? Is it a noun? Why? A 

verb? Why? 

Kalen, mikren, and megalen show something about episto- 
len, when they are used with it, which you would not know 
without them. One shows that it is good, another that it is 
small, the other that it is large. And they would mean the 
same, if they were used with other nouns ending in 9. 
These words are words of quality, and are called Adjectives. 
They belong to nouns, and generally end like them. What 
isan adjective? What does it show? What does it belong 
to? How does it generally énd ? 


Rute III. An adjective shows some quality 
of a thing, and generally ends like the name of 
that thing: as, yeagw puxeny émotodny. 

Write these Greek words. What does the first mean? 
The second? &c. Erase them. Write the verb. The 


noun. The adjective. What is a noun? A verb? An 
adjective? How does an adjective generally end? 


These words are from Paul and Virginia: 


Hodta dévowata e*uaboy dvowelerv 
prota onomata émathon onomazeen 
The first names they learnt to call (were) 

adehpog xai aded—n. 

adélphos ké adélphe 

brother * sister. 


me. ee Be each 


£e i 





SECOND LESSON. 19 


Read these Greek words. Spell them. What do they 
mean? How does x sound? How does ¢? &e. &e. [Let 
all read these words till they become familiar with them. ] 
Which are nouns?.. What adjective is there? What verb? 
[Those words, or the following, the scholars may take home 
on slates or paper, to copy and study in their absence, if they 
have time and*inclination for it.] 


From the Life of Robert Raikes, the founder of Sunday Schools— 
printed at Malta, in 1831. 


Eig ta Kvuguexa ozolesia ta mnoiov 
es ta keriaka shholea ta  pleseon 
In the Lord’s-day schools _ the neighboring 
madia  ovvéidovy ty Kuoiov ajucoay, 
pédea senélthoon ten ker€oo heméran 
children come together (on) the Lord’s day, 
dvuw ogag mowi xat éonéoa. 
deo horas proe ke €spéra 
two hours mornng and evening. 


What is the first adjective here?» What does it mean ? 
What does it end like? What noun does it belong to? 
What do the adjective and noun together mean? What does 
it show concerning oyohkeia ? 


‘O Havihog xai 1% Bigywia ovz sizay 


ho Pavlos “ he  Vergenea ook  ehhan 
Paul “ $“ not * had 

2! - Tee , 2 U 2 
ovte O00hOYIa, ovTEe OVUYOWELC, OUTE Z00- 
ooté oroloyea oote senopses ooté = hhro- 
neither watch, nor 6“ nor chro- 


20 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


vohoyixa, iotogixa xai grdooogixa BiBhic. 
noloyeka _hestoreka “i phelosopheka __ vevile. 


nological, historical “ philosophical books. 


Repeat the Greek after me—again. Spell the first word. 
Second, &c. Which is the first adjectiye here? The se- 
cond, &c. Which does this or that belong to? End like? 
What is an adjective? What rule speaks offiem ? What 
do adjectives generally end like? What Greek word is there 
above, which is like an English one? Does it mean the 
same? ‘There are several words here which English words 
are made or derived from, and there are many others in 
Greek. Long Greek words are generally made by com- 
pounding, or joining together, two or three shorter ones ; and 
are then sometimes changed into English words. What 
word means hour? Aéyw means to speak. Which of the 
words given above may be made of these two? Xgdvog 
means time. This put with 4éyo makes the foundation of 
one of the other long words. What two words may be found 
in gthocogixd 2? What should it mean? Bv6iiov means 
book. What English word may have been made from that? 


Kai sidov ovgavoy xawov xa yr 
a edon ooranon kénon yen 


Fie Isaw heaven new “ earth 


uawyy: 6 yaQ medtOS ovgavog xai 
= ho gar protos 1 «. he 


“ igy the for first “ “ the 
MOWTY «7/1 maonAee. 
- parelthé 
+ “ were passed away. 
~ 


LESSONS IN GREEK. 21 


Which is the first noun here? Write, spell, speak, trans- 
late it. What is the first adjective? What does it end like? 
What do adjectives belong to? What do they generally end 
like? What is an adjective? Which rule speaks of them? 
What rule speaks of a verb? What does it say of a verb? 
What is the first verb here? &c. &c. 


THIRD LESSON. 


How many Greek nouns do you know? Write one. 
Spell it. Another. Spellit. [The next scholar may be 
called on to say if this is correct, or to write another.] What 
verbs do you know? Write one. Spell it, &c. &c. What 
adjectives do you know? Write one, &c. &c. What isa 
noun? An adjective? A verb? What kind of word, [or 
part of speech,] must be used when a noun is used? When 
a verb is used, what? When an adjective is used, what? 
Then when you find a noun, what other kind of word may 
you look for? Whatwhen you find a verb? An adjective? 
Can you write a Greek sentence? What does it mean? Can 


you speak one? &c. 
Now I will teach you another word. 


"EyS yoagw émuotodyy mQ0g Tov gidov mod. 
“ «“ «“ to the friend of'me. 
What words here do you know? Read them. Spell them. 
Which do you not know? Spell the first. Pronounce it. - 


What does it mean? Is ita noun? Why? A Verb? 
3 





22 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Why? An adjective? Why? What is the use of it? 
What other word does it most belong to? It is a preposi- 
tion, and shows some relation between the letter and the 
friend. The word zegi might be placed instead of mgéc. It 
means about or concerning. Would that beanoun? A 
verb? An adjective? Why? ‘That would show some re- 
lation between the letter and the friend. 


Rute lV. A preposition shows a relation be- 
tween persons or things. 


Some show that one is above or below, near or far, in or 
out of the other, &c. 


Kai ’Avaviag nibev eig thy oixiarv. 
And « came into the house. 
"Huovoa ano moldy megt avtod. 
[have heard from many of _——ihim. 
Kai bev 6 “Inootg eis tag xouac. 
ang... * Jesus into the villages. 


Which of the words above are prepositions? How do 
you know it? 

Prepositions are often placed before a verb and joined to 
it: as, eloqlOer, he came in; xatabaivw, I go down ; 
étql0e, he came out ; ovvxabilouer, we sit together; oup- 
goraCouerv, we sound together, or harmonize. 

Prepositions are never changed like nouns, verbs, and ad- 
jectives. There are many prepositions, such as: 


eic, év, OV, peta, oor, due, 
inor into, in, with, with, without, through, 


THIRD LESSON. 23 - 


avti, TLOLOC, amo, éx or é&, émtt, 
against, from or by, from, out of, upon, 
UAT O- 


according to, &c. 


Look at the seven Greek words at the beginning of this 
lesson. Do you know what kind of word the fifth is? You 
see the meaning written under. Ts it a noun, verb, adjective 
or preposition? Why not the first? &c. What word does 
it end like ? What word does it seem, from its meaning,to be- 
long to? Tov is an article —a definite article, like the in 
English. It is generally changed at the end like the noun 
to which it belongs. 


Rute V. The article points out a thing. 


Write these words in Greek: I write the letter. Put 
down the first word. The second. The third. What 
means the? What kind of wordis 76»? Is the article in 
Greek ever changed? In what part? What does it gene- 
rally end like? ‘To make té» end like ém:otodjy, how must 
it be changed? Put articles before these nouns, ending like 
them: prod, p@, pihoy; yoégy, (a written thing, that is, 
a letter,) yoegys, yoegn, yoepyy; urn, (lake,) luurys, 
hipvyn, Miuriy ; dvexddtov, dvéxdotoy. In these and many 
other words the article ends like the noun. In many others 
it does not. You will be told, by and by, that the article d, 
tov, t@, &c, generally shows that the noun it belongs to 
means a male animal; that 7, tis, &c. generally belongs 
to females; and 16, tod, &c. generally belongs to things 
without life, 


24 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Teaga xahac, 
6 well. 
Is the second word here the name of athing? Does it 


show that any thing is done? Is it an adjective? Preposi- 
tion? &c. &c. What is its use? 


Teagpa solv, 
“ much, 
Is the second word here a noun? &c. What difference 


does it make in the meaning of yedga ? 
These words are called Adverbs. 


Rute VI. Adverbs are generally added to 
verbs, though sometimes to adjectives or other 
adverbs, to show manner, time, distance, direction, 


degree, &c. &c. 


Here are some of the most common adverbs: zg@tov, 
Jirst ; Eczatoy, last ; xalds, well ; m0dkd, much; ousgor, ; 
to-day; 708s, yesterday ; aiguor, tomorrow; més, how ; 
coor, as much; méc0v, how much; tégor, so much ; éte, 
Onote, ivixa, when; mots, nyvixa; when? tote, thvixa, 
then; 60s, 62608y, whence ; 1608¥; whence? 1608, thence ; 
moods; how often? toodxss, so often. 


Which words are adverbs here ? 

Kigog xaldg xual avdgetwg émexgivato. 
Cyrus “ “ manfully answered. 
Maxoobev évouosev thy Bigywiav wovyy. 
From afar I thought « s“ alone. 


THIRD LESSON. 25 


Ta gidka Oadevovtar mavtote &MO TOG 





“ leaves are blown always “ the 
avéwous. 
winds. 
Why is an adverb? What isan adverb? What is its 





use ? What word is 
The meaning of which word is in any manner changed by 
leaving itout? Make ashort sentence with an adverb in it. 
Write it. Spell it. Speak it. Make another. Write it, &c. How 
is maéyvtote pronounced? When is tsounded liked? What 
does it come after here? Why is t sounded like d after » ? 


added to, or which does it qualify ? 


Is it easier to say pandote than pantote? Is there an adverb 
in the two Greek verses at the end of the first lesson ? 
Which? What does the first belong to? What is the se- 
cond? What is its use? What does it qualify 2 

Are there any adverbs in the Greek verses at the end of the 
first lesson? Which? What does the first qualify? What does 
qualify mean ? What difference would there be in the meaning 
of the word it qualifies, if the adverb were taken away ? 


Avoyévng mQ0G Tov simovta xaxoY sivat 


“ to him who said bad _ itis 
to ety, ov to Cetv, simev, alia to 
to live, not * & said he, but 6 
zanz@c Cetv. 
badly “ 


What is the first English word to be added here, in the 
translation? The second? &c. Which word is an adverb ? 
Why? Which is another? Which rule speaks of adverbs ? 


What does it say ? 
Q* 


26 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


FOURTH LESSON. 


Teago émiotolny pehavn xnav yzaory. 
“ “ with ink and paper. 
Spell these words. Speak them. Write them. What does 


the sentence mean? What is the use of the fourth word ? 
Is ita noun? Why? Averb? Why? &c. 


Odio yoageivy xal avaywooxey. 
Iwish to write « to read. 


Read these words. Write them. What do they all mean? 
What is the use of xat here? Take it away, and what dif- 
ference does it make in the sense ? 


Ozlw ideiy tov mation xat THY untéoa pov. 
f,. bo $08).%.... father... 4 © mother  & 


Write these Greek words, and the English words, with 
those which have been omitted. What does the sentence 
mean? What is the use of «ai? 


Oéiw ideiv tov matéoa 4% THY pNTéQH pov. 
“ “ “ we or “ “ “ 


What are the English words which are omitted here ? 
What does the sentence mean? What is the use of 7? It 
shows some connection between other words: #at does the 
same; and so do such words as, si, if; 8, but; és, 
since ; y20, for; &c. These words join together other 
words or sentences, and are called joiners or conjunctions. 


FOURTH LESSON. 27 


Rute VII. Conjunctions join words or sen- 
tences. 


Which are conjunctions here? 


TTaida dé wor dAvoate gidyy. 
Child “ tome gweup dear. 


These words from Homer would be placed thus in English 
—Bui give up to me my dear child. 


Kai ovvetelécbnoavy 6 ovtegavog xai 9; 
“ were finished together the heaven “ the 
77 karl mag 6 xdoM0g attr. 
earth “ all the beauty of them. 


How many conjunctions are here? Which are they ? 
What is the use of the first? Second? &c. What is a 
conjunction? What are some of the most common con- 
junctions? Write one. Another. What does the first 
mean? Thesecond? &c. 


°Eyo. 

But little has yet been said about this word. Is it a noun? 
What does it mean? Is J the name of any body? Does I 
mean the same person when you use it and when some other 
one does? Is it then the name of any thing or any body? 
What is its use? Why do you use it? If I did not use it, 


what word might I place instead of it? Do I not use it in- 
stead of my name? 


28 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


=u yoageic, . Avbtos yodper, 
Thou writest, or you write. He writes. 


Write these. Speak them. Is oJ a noun? A verb? 
What is adré¢? What is the use of ov? Of aités? Do 
they stand for some other words? When one man uses 
avtés of another, what does he mean? What else might 
he say with the same meaning ? These words and some 
others are called Pronouns. Pro, in Latin, means for.— 
They are for nouns. 


Rute VIII. A pronoun is used for a noun. 


HA Bigywia pevéotgewe try xepadny 


“ 6 turned away the head 
avTNsS, iva ph aveny id} 


of her, (her head) that not her _—_ should see 
6» ITavlog Saxguovoay. 
Paul weeping. 
[that Paul should not see her weeping.| 
Oitos got megi od éyo ‘einov. * Oniow 
“ is(he) of whom spake. After 
uov eozetar avjg 6¢ *umpoodev pou Hy. 


me cometh aman « before “ was. 
Kayo [contracted from xat éya@,] ob nde avtor. 
And I not knew him. 


(St. John, i. 30, 31.) 


What is a pronoun? What is the first pronoun here ? 
What noun is it used instead of ? What noun might be used 


FOURTH LESSON. 29 


in the place of it ? Why is the pronoun here used, and not 
the noun? What is the next pronoun ? What does it mean? 
Spell it. Write it. What is the third pronoun? The next 
scholar—Is that a pronoun or not? Why? What is the 
last? &c. 


How many kinds of words have you now been taught ? 
What kind was the first? Second? Third? &c. What isa 
noun? A verb? &c. What was the last kind of words you 
have been learning ? What is their use? What is the first 
word here ? 


@, zaiou. 
oh, I rejoice. 


Isitanoun? Verb? &c. What is its use? This word is 
in almost every language, and is used to show some feeling 
of pain or pleasure—fear or hope. There are other words 
of the same kind: as, @dov, lo! gev, alas! oval, woe! 

They are thrown in among other words, to show feelings 
which we cannot exactly describe in an instant. They are 
called Interjections. 


Rute [X. An Interjection shows some feeling 
of the speaker or writer. 
Which words are interjections here ? 


[dod § évumviaoduny. 


Behold / I dreamed. 


30 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


FIFTH LESSON. 


Nouns, Adjectives, Article. 


How many parts of speech have you learned in Greek ? 
Mention them. The noun, verb, adjective, &c. Tell them 
all. There are only eight in the language. What kinds of 
words are changed at the end? What are not? Verbs are 
sometimes changed both at the beginning and at the end. 
The changes made in articles, nouns, and adjectives are often 
very convenient to a learner of Greek, because they show 
which words belong together. They also save the trouble 
of using many other words. Do we change nouns at the 
end in English? How? For what purpose? When we 
want to speak of a man, how can we do it without using the 
words the and of ? What word must we change? How ? 
When we want to speak of more than one man, how can we 
do it in one word? What must we change? How? How 
can we speak of the thoughts of men without using the 
words the and of ? What must we change? How? Is it 
useful to have such a change as this? In Greek there are 
more changes, and very useful ones, in nouns, adjectives, and 
the article. Are all these words changed in English? Which 
are? Which are not? [There is only a definite article in 
Greek. This, in English, is not changed: it is always the. 
The English indefinite article a is only changed into an, and 
then to make it sound better, when it comes before a vowel. | 
I will show you how some Greek words are changed. 


FIFTH LESSON. 3L 


Write %, the. 
TNS, of the. 
TN; to the. 
THY, the. 


Now write the Greek word for letter (&mo0t047) opposite 
these, and change it at the end like them. What would you 
write after 7? ‘H énvotody} means what? What should 
be written after to? What does t¢ émotodjs mean? 
What after 77? What does 1 évotody} mean? [The lit- 
tle mark under 7 here is an iéta, and was once written after 
it thus: t7¢ émvotodnji.] What should you write after t7» ? 
What does 1] émvotodjy mean? Kad?) means good. Write 
this with the changes, so as to make in Greek, a good letter, 
of a good letter, &c. 

When we speak in English of more than one letter, what 
do we say? In Greek, nouns ending in 7, generally end in 
ae in the plural number: as émotolat. Now put the adjec- 
tive and the article before it, with the same ending. Of let- 
ters is émuotoldy. Place the adjective and article here also. 
To letters is €muotodais. Write the adjective and article. 
The fourth case or accusative is émeotodds. Write the ad- 
jective and article. What is the article in the third case, sin- 
gular number, (the dative ?) What is the noun in the second 
or genitive case, plural?’ What is the adjective in the first 
or nominative case, plural? &c. &c. 

Koy means a village. Write this in the second or geni- 
tive case. Put the article with it. Write it in the other 
cases, with the article, and in the plural. Meyady means 
great. Write this in all the cases. 2¢ed7jvj7 means moon, 


32 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


and dy747 high or lofty. Write these with the article in all 
the cases- 


(Remember to pronounce a as in father, e as in me, é like 
e in let or a in late, 6 as in alone, and d like th in this; 
and lay the accent right.) 


Kai ovveteléodnoav 6 ovgavog xai 4 


ke senétélésthesan ho ooranos > he 


“ were finished together the heaven ‘and the 


yy “al mag 6 xo0OM0g avTar. 
ye * pas ho kosmos avton. 


earth, “ all the beauty of them. 


Kat ovvetélecev 6 Osog & T1) Hhusoe 
6 wie “ VThéos en “ heméra 


And finished together God wn “ day 


th ixty td igya atrov, a émoinoe- 
“  hekte ta érga avtoo ha épeesé 


in the sixth the works of him, which he made ; 
nab xavéMavoE vn Tuegg ti e6doun a0 


ae katépavsé “ evdome apo 
«“ rested « « « seventh from 
MavTOV THY ey” .aito’ wy émoLNOe. 
pandon ton érgon $ hon Ms 

all the works “« which “ 


Which is the fifth noun here? Has it an article belonging 
to it? In what case is it? How do you know 77 is in the 
dative? Was it ever written differently? How? Why do 
you think it was afterwards written as it isnow? (It is 
more convenient.) What article has juége with it? What 
does 77} #juéoa mean? ‘What does 7“éea.mean alone? &c. 


FIFTH LESSON. 33 


Do the articles always end like their nouns? How is the ar- 
ticle when it is put with a feminine noun? (a noun meaning 
a female.) With a masculine noun? (meaning a male.) 
With a neuter noun? (a noun meaning a thing without life.) 


Examples for all the Declensions. 
s [Fifth Chapter of St. Matthew.] 
Ist y. “Id@v d& totg Ozdovc, avéBn 
Seeing but “ multitudes he went up 
sig TO O90C° nai xabloavtog avtov, 
“« =“ monntain; “ having set down he, 
moo0nhbov avtH of pabytai avtod. 


came to é “« disciples of him (his.) 


Qd.y. Kai avoitac TO OTOUG adttov, 
“ having opened “ mouth “ 
éOidaoxev avtovc, déywr. 
he taught “ saying : 
3d.v. Maxaguor of atwzoi tH mvevpate 
Blessed “ poor “spirit ; 
OTe avtay got % Baoileia tdY ovtoaver. 
for “ é-. & Kengdom - « heavens. 
Which is the first noun here? Of what declension is it 2 
Why ? How is it changed in the first case? Second? &e. 


What is the second? &c. &ce. Which is the first article 2 
What does it belong to? &c. &e. 


4 


34 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


There is one more change sometimes made in the ending 
of nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, and pronouns, to show 
that two persons or things are spoken of, and no more. — 
When words are changed for this purpose, they are said to 
be Dual, or in the dual number, because dvm means tivo. 

*AvOgunos, a man; &vOgund, two men; 6 xalds dvOQu- 
mos, the good man; © xaho dvOguwrm, the two goad men. 
Ovror dudotyoay égicartes, they differed striving ; tovtTe 
diaorytyy égioartem, they two differed striving. 

Duals are not used in the Greek Bible nor in the modern 
dialect. 

What does the dual number show? Why is it called the 
dual number? How is a word changed to show that two 
things and no more are spoken of? Is it used in all Greek 
books? In which not? Is it used in all dialects? In which 
not ? 


SIXTH LESSON. 
Nouns. 


Is the word émotodyy ever changed? In what part? 
How? Why? Does é2orodjy mean the same as émoro- 
Ajs or émvctold¢? What does the second mean? The 
third? Write all the changes made in this word in the fifth 
Lesson, in order: the cases of the singular number on the 
left hand, and those of the plural on the right. Write the 
names of the cases still further to the left. Write singular 
over émvotody, and plural over émorolaé. . 


- 


SIXTH LESSON. ; 35 


There is one case or change in each number which I have 
not mentioned, which has an in interjection before it, and is 
called the Vocative, or calling case. 

What is the Greek word for a man? What for of a man? 
to aman? aman? (accusative case ;) 0 man? Write these 
and the cases in the plural. How does the ending of évoto- 
4jv differ from that of dy@gwxo0g? How do the second 
cases differ? Third? Fourth? &c. Plural, first? Second? 
&e. The accusative singular ends in v, the accusative plural 
in ¢, the genitive plural in wy, and the dative in s. 

There is one more noun which you should know in all the 
cases. Write 


Singular. — Plural. 
Nominative, 6 zatio oi matéges 
Genitive, TOV TWAatEQOS TOY TAtTEQWY 
Dative, TH) MATL TOLS MATOaOL 
Accusative, tov matéga TOUS matéoas 
Vocative, w MaTEQ W mMarvéges 


The genitive here is different from that of the other nouns 
you have declined, in having one more syllable than the nom- 
inative. 


[These three nouns the pupils must be made to write and pronounce 
in all the cases repeatedly until they know them well.] 


There are many hundreds of nouns and adjectives in 
Greek, but almost every one is changed like one of these ; 
as are also the pronouns. Some few are not changed at all. 

Nouns and adjectives ending in @, 7, as, and ys, and the 
article 7, are declined, or changed, like ¢2sotod7: that is, 


36 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


/ 


they have » in the fourth plural, w» in the second, avg in the 
third, ¢ in the fourth. 

Those ending in o¢ and ov, and the articles o¢ and ov, are 
changed like @v0gmrog. 

Those ending in a, +, v, w, ¥, 9, ¢, §, or yw are changed 
like 7ar7 9. 


Examples. 
‘H wk av On meQi cHy  ctetadgrny 


e neex een eedee peri teen tetarteen 
Night was now about the fourth 
aoa, 1% oedyyn élawwe civ mediada, 
_ Oran e seleenee elampse teen pethiatha, 
hour, the moon lighted the plain, 
zat TO MANb0G TOU BaopSaguxot oreatetuatos - 
kay to pleethos too  varvarikoo strateumatos 


and the fulness of the barbarian army : 


What kind of word is 7? What do you think it to be? 
What does it mean? What do you change it into to say of 
the? to the? and in speaking of many things how? What 
nouns are changed like this? Is 7f used with a noun that 
means a man, a horse, or any other male creature? What 
is? Tell its changes. What nouns are changed so? Or 
with a noun meaning a stone, water, or other lifeless things ? 
What is? Tell its changes. What nouns are changed like 
this ? 

4, Howi is »¥§ changed ; or to what declension does it belong, 

the first, second, or third? Does it end in 9, «@, as, or 4¢ ? 
Does it end in o¢ or ov? Does it end like any of the words 


‘SIXTH LESSON. 37 


of the third declension? How do they end? How does 
vtE end? What is the end of nouns of the second declen- 
sion, in the second or genitive case? Has the genitive case 
just as many syllables as the nominative? Which has more? 
How many more? How can you make a new syllable end- 
ing in og for »v§? If you put os to nux (neex) it would 
make a hard word: vvgdc. The Greek language is soft; 
and when a word would sound harshly if regularly changed 
they generally put in some smoother letters: so here, they 
do not say 70&, night, »vgds, of night; but weé, VUXTOS. 
We do so in English sometimes, to make a pleasant sound, 
or, as the Greeks say, «vpwyv7, (euphony.) 

4 wvs, the night ; 

tys vuxtos, of the night. 

Wiite the third or dative case; the fourth; the fifth. The 
first, plural ; the second; &c. 

Is 757 a verb? What then? What is et? What is 
tv? What does it belong to? What does it show? [That 
there is a noun in the feminine gender, singular number, 

_and accusative case.] | Tetd gr» — what does this belong to? 
What kind of word is it? “ga»— what is that? What 
case? What declension? Why? Give all the cases. 

What does jf show? [That there is a feminine noun, in 
the nominative plural, to which it belongs. By seeing the 
article 7 you would know that there is to be some one thing 
spoken, and no more; and that the name of that thing is 
feminine, and — in what declension? Why the first or third?] 
Give the cases of cedyjvn7. What is the moons in Greek ? 
What is of the moons? What is to the moons? What is 0 
moon ? 


4* 


38 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Teduida is wedée in the first case, and mediddog in the 
second. What declension does it belong to? How do you 
know? Give all the cases. Whatis tod? What might we 
know from seeing tod? What kind of word must come af- 
ter it? In what case? Why?—Declension? Why? 
Why might it not be in the first declension? What sort of 
work is Bag6agex0d ? What does it belong to? What would 
you know of any other word to come, by seeing this? Might 
this word and tov belong to the same nouns, or not? The 
first case of the next word is orgetevuatos: what declension 
does it belong to? Why? Why not the first? Why not 
the second ? 

Now write down alone the first noun, »d§. Tell me all 
you know about it. [Any of the former questions may be 
repeated.}] What is the next? What do you know of this? 
The third? &c. &c. 

‘What nouns are in the verses to “a Friend of Greece” ? 
In what declension is the first ? second? &e. 


SEVENTH LESSON. 


What is a verb? What does every verb mean? There 
is only one verb in Greek which shows that any thing is, or 
has been, or will be; but there are many which show that 
any thing is done, or has been done, or will be done, &c. Is 
sso in English? If you want to say, this book is in my 
hand, what verb will you use? [Js is part of the verb to be, 
that is, to be is changed into is in one of its changes.} If 


SEVENTH LESSON. 39 


you want to say that this book was on the table, must you 
use the verb to be in another change? If you want to say 
that this book will be in my hand again, do you use the verb 
to be in another change? But if you want to say this book 
contains easy lessons, must you use the verb fo be? If you 
want to say it shows how to read, write, and speak Greek, 
do you use the verb to be? In saying that the sun rises, or 
the wind blows, or the rain descended, must you use the verb 
to be? 

So it is in Greek: there is but one verb which shows that 
any thing is, which is, e/vac, tobe; but there are many 
which show that something is done. What Greek verb do 
you know which shows that something isdone? ‘There are 
several in the former lessons, | 

What is ye¢gw? Isita verb? Why? What does it 
mean? If I wish to say, lam making words on paper with 
a pen, I say I write. What do I say when I want to men- 
tion that he is doing it? Why should I not say he write? 
What does it show when s is put on, or added, to the end of 
write? If I want to say that you are doing the same, do I 
make any change in the word? In former times thow was 
used in the singular instead of you. Was any change then 
made in the word write? What change? ‘They used to 
say: I write, thou — what? he— what? Do these changes 
in the verb help you to understand better what is meant? 
They do often. In Greek they change the verbs at the end 
for the same reason, though not in the same way- They say: 

Teagw or éy6 yoaga, Iwrie; 
youpeis or ob yoageis, thou writest ; 
youger or AUTOS yoagel, he writes. 


40 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Do we make any change in the verb when we say we 
write? — ye or you write? — they write? In Greek they 
change the verb in the plural: as, 


yodpousy or Mets yodqouer, we write ; 
yougete or tuets yoagete, you write ; 
yeapovor or avtor yeagovor, they write. 


The Greeks often leave off the pronouns. If we did 
should we understand what was said? ‘Take the pronoun 
from we write, and from they or you write, and what diffe- 
rence is there between them? Take off the pronoun from 
the third person singular of the Greek verb, and from the 
second and third persons plural, and what difference is there ? 
As there is a difference the Greeks know what pronoun 
should be there, or what is understood, and what is meant; 
and this is often a great convenience. 

Read the first person of the Greek verb. What does it 
mean? Thesecond. Third. First, plural, &c. What do 
they mean? Erase them. Write the second. What does 
it mean? Write the second. — Gamma, rho, alpha, &c. — 
What does it mean? &c. &c. ; 

Write @xovw, I hear. What kind of word is this? The 
Greek word ovs means ear. This verb is made from it. 
What do you think it should mean? Write the word ear. 
Put A before it. What does that mean? Write ovs. Put 
dx before it, and change ¢ into , to make it end like a verb, 
and what does it make? ’Axovw means I hear. What did 
you do to yeégm to make it mean thou hearest? Do the 
same to @xovw, What does that make? Write it. What 


SEVENTH LESSON. 41 


did you do to ygéqW to make it mean he writes? Do the 
same togzovm. Write it. &c. &e. 

Néog means mind. Put @ in the place of os. What does 
that make? What kind of words generally end in w? This 
is a verb: what may it mean, as it is made of vdos? It 
means to use the mind —that is, think — JZ think. Change 
it as you did yeég and @zovw. Erase them. Write them 
again. Erasethem. Say them by heart. First, yeaqw — 
eis, &c. Second, dxovw —eis, &e. Third, dvdw — sic, 
&c. Write them again. 

*Ovouae means name. Join to it tw and it makes a verb. 
What ought that verb to mean? It-is a very useful one, 
like many others made in the same way. ’ Ovoudtw, I name, 
or I call. Change it so as to mean thou callest ;— he 
calls ; &c. 

Biénw means I look. Change it so as to mean thou lookest, 
he looks, &c. “Ei@w means I come. Change it like the oth- 
ers. Put eis before &4@m. This is another verb. What 
does it mean? What sort of word is it? Put «eis before 
&16w. They make a verb: what ought it to mean? It 
means I come into. Change this like the other verbs. Put 
é& before £40w. What does €§ mean? What is it? What 
does £16 mean? Put wegi before é40@, What does 
aégt mean? What is it? What does zegvéi@m mean? Ie- 
9é10 is spelt tagé10, to make it aneasier word. Change 
it like yeégo. 

Baiyw means I go. What does @v« mean? [up.]. What 
does dva6aiyvw mean? Change it like yg¢gw. Kaétw means 
down or below. What does xata6aiyw mean. 


42 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


EIGHTH LESSON. 
Times or Tenses. 
Teaww énvorodyy. 

Which word here do you know? Speak it.. What does 
it mean? What kind of word is it? In what case? Is 
the other word like one we have had before in any respect? 
How many letters are like it? Are those letters placed in 
the same manner? What letters are different? Which has 
been changed ?— changed to what? Would you expect to 
find that ye¢éyw means any thing like ye¢gw ?— Exactly 
the same? What does yeég mean? Ieéyo means J will 
write. How do you change yeégo, to make it mean thou 
writest? Igdyw is changed in the same way as ye¢ yo with 
all the pronouns. What pronoun means he? What means 
he writes? Set them down, and we, you, they write, with 
the Greek words. 

Write ye¢ym with the same changes, and put against them 
these words — I will write, thou wilt write, he will write, 
you will write, we will write, they will write. Erase them. 
What does ygéyo mean? What word is it made from? 
How? Is it changed? How? Why? What is the Greek 
for they will write? Put it down. Also, he will write, thou 
wilt write, &c. Most other verbs in Greek are changed as 
this is. Bidartw means to hurt. How would you change 
this to ‘say they hurt? we hurt? &c. How can Sidatw be 
changed to mean I will hurt? What new letter was put into 
yoépw to make it mean I will write? What one was left — 


EIGHTH LESSON. 43 


out? Istherea gin fldntw? You have been told that 
Greek is a soft language, and that care is taken to make no 
rough sounds. ¥ has the sounds of two other letters. 
Which are they? If yw were put in the place of 1, it would 
make fidayw. Would this be a soft and pleasant sound ? 
The Greeks to make it softer, say GAdyow. Speak one first, 
then the other, and see which is most easy to speak and most 
agreeable to hear. 


What letiers are there in Greek which are made up of other 
letters? What two sounds make up that of y? What make 
the sound of §? [A person might at first think that + or 6 
has a compound sound, because we mark the sounds of both 
in English by two letters, th. But these are simple sounds. 
The sounds of y and g are also simple.] JH, 8, and are 
nearly alike, and all made by the lips; and when either of 
them has @ after it, it makes y. K, 7, and xy are made in 
the throat, and nearly alike. When @ is placed after them it 
makes &. 


*Azxovw means I hear. What should mean J will hear ? 
What change is made? 4éyw means I say. What should 
mean J will say? What change is to be made here? Why 
should it not be 4¢yow? Would that be as easy to speak or 
pleasanter to hear? Aaiéw or AadG means I speak. Would 
jaiiow be a soft word? To make it soft the Greeks put in 
9, thus —Aadjow, I will speak, Write these verbs, with 
their meanings, and the future time or tense of each. 


Piw, I produce ; zaiow, I rejoice ; ~uiattw or 
guhacow, I keep; gaya, I eat ; gbave, I antici- 


44 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


pate; xoadéw or xad@, I call; axovw, I hear ; 
Biéno, I see. 


In some verbs the future tense is made by putting o before 
®. Which of these words will sound well with ¢ before o? 
in some verbs, by changing the letter before » into o, &, or 
yw; some by leaving out a letter; and there are other ways, 
which may be learnt by and by. What will dxovow be 
changed to with ov, (thow) ?— with aités, (he)? &e. How 
must gviatw be changed to go with vusi¢? What will it 
then mean? @®vid&w with adroit? What will it mean? 


°Eyo §=yéyoapa = émrotohiy. 
“ have written 6 
Spell these words. Speak them. Write them. What 
does the sentence mean? Is the second word like any you 
have had before? How is it different from ye¢gw? How 
is yezgpw to be changed at the end to make it yéyeeqa? 
How at the beginning? Tvatw means JI strike. What 
means I will strike! Change this as yey was changed to 
make yéyeape. Do not put ye before it, but make a redupli- 
cation: that is, take the first letter, (which here is 7, and 
place it before-e; then change the end of the verb as you 
changed yeéyw. What will it be? Write it. 
What is reduplication? What is the future tense of tge- 
go? What will the reduplication be here to make the per- 
‘fect? How must the word be changed at the end? Write 
it. Spell it. What does it mean? Write the future and 
perfect of yeigo; Bléna, to see; tintw, to strike; teépo, 
to support ; Plintw, to injure. Spell them, and place the 
accents. 


EIGHTH LESSON. 45 


Verbs which begin with @, &, 7, +, v, , (the vowels,) or 
with two of them, (a dipthong,) have no reduplication, but 


generally change the vowel or diphthong. 
~ 


Singular. Téyoaga, I have written ; 
vEYOUPAS, thou hast written ; 
vyéyQuge, he has written ; 


Plural. yeyoagaper, we have written ; 
yeyoagate, ye have written ; 
yeyoagaot, they have written. 


Make all these changes in the verbs above mentioned. 
Erase and write them again. Write these sentences in 
Greek: “I shall write a letter. He has injured a friend. 
They have seen a horse. We shall write to-morrow.” 

> Axovw, I hear, in the perfect is inovxe ; ayo, I lead, 
qxa; oixodous, I build, axoddunza; dvewesicw, I blame, 


@vecdura. 


Tovto mgéFw. Write this, what does the first word mean? 
The second? What does the second come from? [JIgao- 
ow or mgattw, for there are some words in which 7 is some- 
times used and sometimes o.] What would zeéc00 be in 
the perfect? Write this: —é yéyeaga, yéygege. What 
does it mean? &c. “Ayyshog helddyjxey aitd, Adho 
means, I speak ; and 4046, I will speak. What is dehadnxa 
formed from? How? 

Some writers say that the Greek verbs had at first only 
one, two, or three letters each. These, it is supposed, were 
changed by augment, reduplications, and terminations, to 


show time, numbers, persons, &c. It is supposed also that 
5 


46 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


other letters put to the first, made new verbs. Sometimes 
prepositions and other words are added to them, to change 
their meaning in different ways. 

When you know the present, future, and perfect of a verb, 
you can generally easily find out all the other changes, be- 
cause they grow out of them. 

What tenses is it important first toknow? Why? What 
is the future formed from? How? What the perfect ? 
How? i 

I'gépo has y in the future in the place of » ; téatw has 
y in the place of a1; Aéyw has § in the place of y; &c. — 
The sound of ¢@ is generally the sign of the first future tense. 
Is the sound of gin y? What other sound beside? Is the 
sound of ain §? What other beside ? 

Tvatw has in the perfect in the place of mt, and the re- 
duplication. What has tiatm in the perfect? In place of 
what? 1476 has x in the place of 6 and the reduplication. 
What has*it? The perfect generally has a rough sound at 
the end before «. What Greek letter has the roughest sound ? 
What other rough squads are there? X and * are generally 
used in the perfect. @ is often used, bebe is 7 with the 
rough sound. : 


‘NINTH LESSON. 


Some of the Greek letters are made with the teeth ; some 
with the tongue; some with the palate, or in the throat. 


NINTH LESSON. 47 


Teeth Letters. Tongue Letters. Throat Letters. 


smooth, t 7 x 
middle, 0 B 7 
rough, a p L e 


The teeth letters are something like each other, and some- 
times one is put for the other in changing verbs, nouns, &c. 
to make a better sound. So it is with the tongue letters and 
the throat letters. 4, “, ”, 9, and © are called liquids, be- 
cause their sounds run easy, like water. Z, &, and y are 
called double letters, because each has the sound of two oth- 
ers, 4, &,7, 4,0, v, and ® are vowels, because they have 
sounds by themselves. Two vowels together make a diph- 
thong. 

How many teeth letters are there? Write them. How 
many tongue letters? &c. Is one of the teeth letters ever 
put for another? When? Why? (So of others.) How 
many liquids are there? Why so called? Write them. 
How many double letters? Why socalled? Write them. 
(So of vowels.) What other letters are there in the Alphabet ? 

The perfect tense ends in @, with a rough letter or a throat 
letter before it. What are the rough letters? What are 
the throat letters? 4¢iw means I speak, and Asidiyxa, | 
have spoken. aun 

Tvntw means I strike. What does t¥ywo mean? What 
means I have struck? (that is, the perfect tense.) Write 
them. 

We say in English other things about striking: such as, 
I did strike, I may strike, I might strike, I might have struck, 
&c. And in Greek they have other tenses which grow out 
of these. 


48 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


What is Reduplication or Doubling? One tense, called 
the First Aorist, is made from téyo, by changing @ into a, 
and putting « before it. If a verb begins with a short vowel, 
‘hat vowel is changed for a long one. I'gégwm is éygawa in 
the first aorist ; oxdatw, (I dig,) éoxawa, I dug ;) éo0iw, 
(I eat,) j¢0:00. This change in the beginning of a verb is 
called the Increase or Augment. What is Increase or Aug- 
ment? What is Reduplication ? 
Write this : 


A Greek Tree — partly grown. 


érett mew 
TETUNG ETSTU Pew 
tunG etvpe Tétvga 


ACTAIVIE | VJOICE 
érumoy. mye 
ETURTOY 








Tinto 
| * 
Tum 

What is the root of this tree? The trunk? The first 
branch? What grows from that? 

The first three letters of tumtw are called the root, be- 
cause all these changes or tenses grow out of it like the 
branches froma tree. You will see that the most important 
tenses begin with large letters. Under tvatw write present 
and I strike. Under étvmtor write imperfect and I was 
striking or struck. Under tuy and tétvya write the 
names of their tenses and what they mean. 


NINTH LESSON. 49 


Under étuntoy write 2d Aorist,. I struck. 
Under étuwa write Ist forist, I struck. 
Under tuz@ write 2d Future, I shall strike. 
Under étetvgew write Pluperfect, I had struck. 





All these have regular changes to show numbers and per- 
sons, Tétvpa, tunG, etetv ery, and étetv merry, are not very 
often used. How is étumtoy formed from tvata 2? What 
tense is it in? What doesitmean? What is étruwe formed 
from? How? Meaning? Tense? &c. &c. Erase these 
words. Write them again. Erase. Write the 1st aorist in 
its place. What does it mean? Write the pluperfect in its 
place? What is it formed from? How? What does it 
mean? &c. &c. Erase the words and lines. Write the 
words and draw the lines again. &c. &c. 

Erase all. Write ye¢qm. Write all the tenses of it in 
their places, to form a tree. What is the tense ? What 
is itfrom? &c. Erase. Write 4¢1 and its tenses, &c. 





Write these Greek and English words. 
‘“H woa tyg ées€odov *pbaoce, 
« “ departure appeared. . 


Write the meaning of the first word. Second. Third. 
What verb is here? In what tense? What number? What 
person? What noun belongs to it? By what rule? °£§- 
odov is of the feminine gender, though it ends in o¢ in the 
first case. It is an exception to the nouns in os, which are 
generally masculine. 7%¢ is the article belonging to it. 
What English Word comes from é&odo¢ ? 


5* 


50 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Write this: 
Ai yuvaines évdvdnoav avdguniy orohjy. 
“ women put on manly dress. 
* What verb is here? In what tense ?— number ? — per- 

son? It will help you in finding the tenses, &c. of verbs to 
have before you the terminations or endings. "lhe dual 
number is given here, which shows that two persons or 
things are speaking or spoken of. 





' Singular. Dual. i Plural. 
Persons.) 5 | Bes Boi BF] Be Bo Bef ode Bord. 
Pres. & 1 Fu.|@ |[eeg |se etoy leroy || ousy jete jovor 
2 Future, @_ |eug lee | ep |€@tov\eiroy|| ob mer|site | odor 
Imp. & 2Ao.\ov |e¢ |e || & leroy lerny || ower lets | ov 
Perfect, a jag je .|| § lerovlaroy|| amer late | wou 
Pluperfect, |e |seg jee | iS |evror|sitny|| euusy jevte | soa 
1 Aorist, a lag je atoy ldtyy || auev late ay 




















Why is the first person dual wanting? Is the dual num- 
ber used in the Old Testament ?— In the New Testament ? 
—By all the ancient Greek writers ?— By the modern 
Greeks? What is ye¢gqo in all'the persons, &c. of the per- 
fect? First aorist? Second future? What is 4eé6 in the 
pluperfect ? Write f4dtw inthe persons of the imperfect. 
What is gd, (appear,) in the first aorist? Write in the 
Greek — “ The hour of departure appeared.’, Baivyw means 
to go. . What. would be the increase or augment? — Redu- 
plication or doubling ? 


. 


TENTH LESSON: : 51 


TENTH LESSON. 


You might make some use of verbs from what has beem 
taught, but there are a few more thingsto be known. Ihave 
not yet told you how to say in Greek, I may write, — if he 
strikes, —- we may go,—I was called,—he has been seen, 
&c. &c. We say a great many such things in English by 
using the helping verbs in different forms or moods: as, will, 
shall, be, can, must, may, &c. but in Greek they generally 
change the verb at the end, now and then using the increase 
or doubling. I, thou, he may strike is tuntdé-7s5-7, -&c. 
strike thou, tuzte; I might strike, tiwtowus; to strike, tvz- 
tew ; striking, tiatwy, This last is partly an adjective, be- 
ing changed like one in numbers, genders, and cases, and is 
called Participle. 


The changes first mentioned, (except the participle,) are 
called Modes or Moods. Beside this some changes show 
whether a thing is done by a person (or thing) or ¢o him, or 
by himself to himself. “Ertuwa, I struck; étgOnv, Iwas 
struck; and étupydéunv, I was struck by myself, or I struck 
myself, are said to be in different voices: the Active, Passive, 
and Middle. 


Rute X. There are three voices: Active, 
Passive, and Middle, each of which has modes, 
participles, tenses, numbers, and persons. 


The Greek tree on page 48 shows the tenses in the active 


52 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


voice and first mood.* This shows the tree when it has 
grown into the Passive and Middle voices. ‘Some people 
think the fruit looks hard, but it is not.” It is true that t¥z- 
tw has not all the changes that are set down in books, for 
some verbs are not used in particular tenses, &c.; and be- 
sides the changes which are often used are but few, and soon 
learnt. The children in Greece learnt all the tenses they 
wanted to use as easily as you have learnt to say, “I may 
write, I can speak, he will be spoken to,” &c. &e. And 
the Greek children now use many of these changes correctly, 
as their language is much like that of their ancestors. 





* Indicative mood. There are five moods; J. Indicative, 2. Impera- 
tive, 3. Optative, 4. Subjunctive, and 5. Infinitive. 


53 


TENTH LESSON. 





























| 
4011023 
oh OE A0uA13 
| | 
nbaray aharg Ouar 
@ Ol O A | HJ/AELIIV Laie 
‘4 
a19h 02313 alwn1313 
anonhagy  alnphars ann) L0wAL 
ay D>. I 0 & Z T/a) a I W 
alrlounrg 
qnno1u Uy SE sas bh) ae 
oo 4 See ae ace = 
alnlorsars 
alnnars13g—ronnar3y, aliwwars 
a Oo oF | Ol A GAtIlssvd 
aonomarsz alighare amnookuar 
| 
mnoolgday 


‘unos ynf— ‘aaLy, yaa V 


In 
How is t¥mtw changed to make 


What are the changes 


Which is the root of this tree? 
made in it for? What is the first branch on the right ? 


what voice is t7touas ? 
it 2 What is the second branch? What grows on it? &c. 


LESSONS IN GREEK. 


ngon 
wal 


199 
mp0 
10 
Imag 


412 


*cATIUU 





‘aatjounfqug 





alinin “1% 


alas *Q] 


alrz Soaan 


alinro “0% 


mn “6T 


ano ‘SL 


110 ‘QT 
“aatye}dQ 


‘SGOOW 





10 yA 
19% “QT 
00 “Gl 
a0 “FL 
40 “$} 
8 “ST 
2 “Sl 
“oatyesoduiy 





‘O[PPHIN 
“OAISSUG 
“dAISSEG 
“OAISSUG 
‘OIPPIN 2 “SSed 
“OTPPI 2 “SSB 


‘OATIOW 
“OTPPIN  PATIOYV 


‘OTPPIN 7 PAHOV 
"QAl}OV 





‘SHOIOA 


(1 ysulese st yorum “2p ‘Ee ‘Z ST 
JaqUINU IY} 1OJ aIqQVyJ, puovag ey} UI yoo ‘suosied ay} Jo ssulpua oy} Puy O,) 


*SISUAT, fo sSurpuy 
Corde watq) 


“OAlOV 





“ySIOV | 

SOV % PT 
*poojrodnyig 
BULIREE | 

‘yslloy % 7p ‘duly 
‘ny 2 WWesIIg 


*4Sl10V | 
*yoajiodniq 

*409J 19g 

4soy % 2p ‘day 
“yy A WUeseIg 


‘SUSNAL | 


TENTH LESSON. 


gop { LT 
1k |19a I9T 
ag | 00 a | 


mgo3 | ao |PhT 
o1n | a0 I€T 
18 2 IOL 








“pooyy oAryesoduny 
ayi jo 
suosldd 





























0140 | algok{ aogol| aogano | ui | sane 
roar | ago1n | agar || Akgorn| a0g01n\40g3NIn | 0190 | 070 ann 
014190 | 99010 | ngemto || alkg070) 409010 aoganro || 0110 | 010 | alirizo 
o1an | ag00 | ngann || akgop| aogon| aogann |) 010) @ ann 
O1A 89 agen alg 409| aogan 01 | 00 alr 
101A 80 ngan A0g a0g| aogan || 102 |109 a0n 
o1a0 | 2902 | ngano || ahgos| 40go3| aogamo || 012 | 20 alino 
an1ao'| 9902 | agano || aogos| 40g09| aogano || 17212 li | anno 
10 gtk | aan || aork | aork u| sk 0 
ann | 9290 | agnrn || alarm | 20110 a9 | S10 amin 
4310 9210 | aanro || ak1z0 | 4010 10 | 510 ano 
anol gal agnk || ahah | aork hk} Sk alt 
an 910 aann || alin | a01n a | Sn ” 
ano1g | 9119 | aang || alage | 20119 a9 | S18 ag 
100 910 agnn || a01n | 2010 2 | So ” 
a0 913 aano || alkig | ao1g 8 | Se a0 
1.020 9192 agno || 4012 | 4012 a9 | 519 co) 

a 2 %G p € %G ft € 1G mf 
v i eh ee! 

Teint d Teng | ae[ngurg 








"sU0sdag] ay) fo sFurpugq 


(Colqey 


puosv9g) 




















56 


TENSES. 
Present. 


Imperfect. 


Ist and 2d 
Future. 


1 & 2 Aorist. 
: Perfect. 


Pluperfect. 


Present. 
Imperfect. 


Perfect. 


Pluperfect. 


‘Ist & 2d 
Futures, 


Ist & 2d 
Aorists. 


Paulo post 
Future. 








LESSONS 


' Indicative. 
I strike 

I did strike o7 

was striking 


I shall or will 
- strike 


I struck 
I have struck 


I had struck 


|strike or do 


IN GREEK. 


MOODS. 


‘Imperative. 
strike 


(The 


strike 


have struck 








I am struck 


I was struck 

I have been 
struck 

I had been | 
struck 

I shall be 
struck 

I was struck 


I shall have 
been struck 


be struck 


(The 
bave been 
struck 


(The 


ibe’ struck 





(Third 


Meaning of the 


ACTIVE 


Optative. 
may I strike or 
I wish to strike 


other moods 

might I strike 
hereafter ! 

might I strike 


may I have 
struck 


(The other moods 


Passive 
might o7 may 
I be struck 
other moods 


may I have 
been struck 


other moods 
may I be struck 
hereafter ! 


might I be 
struck ! 


may I have 
been struck 





Table.) 


Moods and Tenses. 


TENTH LESSON. 


Voice. 
MOODS. 
Subjunctive. Infinitive. 
that I may strike 


are wanting.) . 


that I might strike 


that I may have 
struck 


are wanting.) 


VoicE. 

that I may be 
struck 

are wanting.) 


that I may have 
been struck 


are wanting.) 


¢ 


that I might be 
struck 








to strike 


io be ready to 
strike 


to have struck 


to have struck 








57 


PARTICIPLES. 


striking 


being about to 
’ strike 


having struck 


having struck 


to be struck PPoeing’struck 
| 


to have been 
struck 
“* 


to be about to be 
struck 


to have been 
struck 


to be about to have 
been struck 








having been struck 


being about to be 
struck 


having been struck 


about to have been 
struck 


- 58 .LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Write down the first Table. — The second. — The third. 

What does the first Table show? Second Table? Third 
Table? What would yg¢gw make in the subjunctive, plu- 
perfect, third petson, singular? Look at the first Table, — 
find that tense and mood. What is the figure against it? 
Find it in the second Table. Find the third person. What 
is the ending? What does the pluperfect subjunctive mean ? 
Look at the third Table and find it. What is it? What 
will it mean in the third person? Write the word and its 
meaning. What is the second person plural of the first 
aorist, subjunctive passive of ygéqw? What can you do 
first to find it? — then what ? What is the meaning? How 
can you find it? Try also some of these verbs in different 
changes. 


Present. First Future. Perfect. 
AevEw, (pour) heiww délepa 
déyw, (say) 1é€Ew déhezyor 
cixto, (build) céw TeTELO 
minou, (fill) mhnkw mim dyna 
téuva, (cut) TEWW TevEUNUa 


[The teacher may make a pupil write all the moods, ienses. numbers, 
persons. and participles of alfiy’of these verbs, with the significations, 
under the dictation or with the assistance of the class. Or they may 
make Greek trees of these verbs, or take the words home to make ta- 
bles and trees, at their leisure.] 


” 
It is not so difficult as you might think to learn all the 
changes of nouns, adjectives, verbs, &c. The children in 
Greece learn many of them very well, and use them in speak- 


TENTH LESSON. 59 


ing. The following is taken from a little book made to 
teach Greek children English. 


Do you study Grammar to-day ? 

Tnovddlers OU yoamuatixijy ouEgor ; 

Not I, but the others study it. 

“Oye €y6, GL# of Chiov thy onovda ter. 

Do you study grammar to-day ? 

Yaovdaters av {/QauUmatexny Ons QoY ; 

No: I write it. 

"Oz, HY A vty ed @ w. 

Do you study grammar to-day ? 

Znovddters ov YQaMMaTLXY Y OMEQoY ; 

No, I study mathematics. 

“Oy onovddlto wpadymatexy v, 

Do you study grammar féo-day ? 

Snovde lets Cvyoaupatixyy O71 MEQOY; 

No, but I shall tomorrow. 

“Oye Glad éhlw rijy onovddtew, (or tI» onovdatw,) 
av gov. 

What verbs are here? What voices, moods, tenses, num- 
bers, and persons? What is the passive voice, indicative 
present, first person singular, of o1vovdét@? From what is 
it formed? How? What is the first future? From what 
formed? The meaning? The perfect? How formed? &c. 
What noun or pronoun belongs to the first verb? What is 
the rule? What word shows what is studied, in the first 
Greek line? What shows it in the sixth Greek line? In 
what case is ygamuatexy » )—uabyuatzi»y ? These are not put 
in the nominative case, because they do not show the person 
or thing, which does something, but the thing that is done. 


60 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Rute XI. A verb that means to do any thing 
generally has one or two nouns or pronouns in the 
genitive, dative, or accusative case, which shows 
what is done, or to, or by, or with whom, or which 
it is done: as, yoeagw émvotodny, I write a letter ; 
yoeagw énotodny xahaum, I write a letter with a 


pen. 

Write down these words: dnoyeégw, I write from; émt- 
ye2pu, Iwrite upon; vxoyedgw, I] write under; dvtrygd- 
go, I write against. What are these words made of ? — 
They are called compound verbs, being made of prepositions 
and verbs, and have the meaning of the verb and the prepo- 
sitions. They have the changes of yeéqo; but the doub- 
ling and increase is put between the preposition and the 
verb: as, &moyedgw, dnoyéygapa, dnéygagpa, énéygugor, 
&e. There are many such verbs, and some of them have 
the doubling and increase at the beginning. Sometimes the 
noun after a compound verb is governed by the preposition, 

“or is in the case which the preposition governs when alone. 

Sometimes nouns, adverbs, and other words are joined to 
verbs in this manner. 

Some nouns are formed from verbs. 

Some verbs are formed from nouns. 


ports LESSON. — 61 


*, a7 
ELEVENTH LESSON. 


Kerbs in MI. « iat 


Verbs which end in “sare changed differently from tao, 
yeépaw, &c. "There are three sorts of them. 


First Sort. 
ACTIVE VOICE: . 
Present. Indic. torjur, ys, nov; Imper. torads; Opta. 
‘orainy ; Subj. ord; Infin. corévas: Part. sores. 
Imperfect. Indic. ¢oryy. 
2d Aorist. Indic. éoryv; Imper, or7Oe; Opta. otainy ; 
Subj. 016; Infin. orjvae: Part. ode. 


~ 


PASSIVE VOICE. 
Present. Indic. totawae; Imper, éorato; Opta. cotaiuny ; 
Subj. éorGuac; Infin. ¢otao0ar; Part. cord uevos. 


Imperfect. Indic. toraunr. 


MIDDLE VOICE. __ 
(Pres. and Iinper. are the same as in the Passive.) 


2d Aorist. Indic. éoteuyy ; Imper. oréa0; Opta. oraiuny ; 
Subj. orG@uar; Infin. oréoOar; Part. ord usvos. 


(TiOnue is a verb in we of the second sort ; and dius 
one of the third sort. 

Eiui, Iam, and sive, I 0, are irregular, and their changes 
are not alike. They will be best learnt by use.) 


Irregular Verbs. 


Many verbs in Greek are not changed according to the 
rules. Some have not all the moods and tenses ; some have 
6* 


62 " LESSONS iain 


one or more of their tenses formed from a different verb ; 
bd 


some aré“used only in one or two voices ; and then they oft- 


en give one voice the meaning of another. 
a . ra 
More Rules. 


Rute XII. Two nouns meaning the same per- 


son or thing, must be in the same case. 


Rute XIII. When two nouns come together 
which mean different things, one must be in the 
genitive. 


Rute X1V. An adjective in the neuter gender 
without a noun, is used as a noun. 


Rute XV. Adjectives which show feelings, 
value, difference, power, and some other things, 
have a noun in the genitive. 


Rute XVI. Adjectives showing profit, like- 
ness, or the contrary, or having to or for after 
them in English, have a noun in the dative. 


Rute XVII. _ Verbs of sense, feelings, giving, 
taking, differing, plenty, want, ruling, and some 
6thers, have a noun in the genitive. 


Rute XVIII. A noun which shows to whom 
or what something mentioned by the verb is done, 
is in the dative. 


es 


ELEVENTH LESSON. 63 


RuteeXIX. Some verbs have nouns in the 
accusative and dative, some in the accusative and 
genitive, and some two in the accusative. 


Rute XX. Verbs which have two cases in the 
active voice, have the lattter one only in the 


oo 


passive. 


‘Rute XXI._ The infinitive mood is often used 


as a noun. 


Rute XXII. Participles govern nouns like 


their verbs, and are often used as nouns. 
* 


Ruse, XXIII. A noun ahd a participle are in 
the genitive when there is*nothing else to fix the 


case. @ 


Rure*XXIV. Adverbs and prepositions gov- 


ern nouns in the genitive, dative, or aceusative. 


= <« 


Dialects. - 

It is not to be supposed that every person who ever spoke 
Greek used all the words exactly right,-or that all have 
spoken and written it in the very same manner. Persons 
living at a distance from each other, though they may use 
one language, often speak it somewhat differently. In an- 
cient times the people of Attica spoke Greek differently from 
those of Beeotia, Doris, and Ionia: yet they could all under- 
stand each other. Some of them used words which others 


= » 
64 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


did not, some sounded letters in a particular manner, and 
some spelt words differently from others. Yet they all spoke 
Greek. 'The people now living in Greece do not use all the 
words that wer formerly used, nor do they change them all 
in the same manner ; but they use the same letters, and prob- 
ably give them.nearly the same sounds. They do not use 
all the words which are found in Homer ; but it is said that 
all the words they use are found in Homer ; and they all un- 
derstand each other with ease. 

Different ways of speaking «the same language are called 
Dialects. The Dialects in Greek are the Attic, Ionic, Dorie, 
Beotic, Hellenistic, and Modern. 

In the old Attic dialect are written the works of Thucy- 
Mites and the Tragic Poet$; in the Middle Attic, Aristo- 
phanes, Lysias, and Plato; in the New Attic, ZEschines, De- 
mosthenes Isocrates, Menander, and Xenophon. » 

dn the Old Doric, Epichdermas and Sophronius * in the 
New Doric, Bion, Moschus, Callimachus, Pindar, atid Theo- 
critus. . 

In the Moric, Anachreon, Arrian, Herodotus, Hippocrates, 
and Pythagoras. ; 

In the Molic, Alceus, Sappho, &c. 

Different dialects are found in the Greek Scriptures, and 
among others the Hebraistic, or Jewish. 

In the Modern Dialect are the writings of Koraé, and ma- 
ny other books, newspapers, &c. It is spoken by the inhabi- 
tants of Greece, with so little difference of words and sounds 
that they all understand each other perfectly well. 

The dual uumber is not used in the Seriptures, the ancient 


ELEVENTH LESSON. 65 


Christian writers, (called the Fathers,) nor in the Modern 
Dialect. In the Modern the dative case is also rare. 


Questions on the Dialects. 


What is a Dialect? Are there any in the English lan- 
guage? What are the causes of them? How many in 
Greek? Is any spoken now? ,What is it called? By whom 
spoken? Can they all understand each other? Are diffe- 
rent letters used? Are the,accents regarded? Are all the 
words in Homer used in Greece now? Are*there any words 
in the Modern Dialects found in Homer? Is the dual num- 
ber used in all ancient books? In which not? — Is it in the 
Modern Dialect ? , *. 

What writings are there in the Modern Dialects ? 

What other Dialects are there? Why were they,so named ? 


Greek Patriotic Song. 
Tune—Knight Errant. - 
(To show the Verbs, Tenses, &c.) . 
ITawWia tot “ Hoaxiéous 
*Ooquate, zai omaha 
Koateite wéva zéQu, 
Me to ahho ty gutta. 
’ Oounoate yevvaiwc, 
Agapet”? Ghow walr, 
Kai dete tov ‘Eddjvov 
To yévog ot Cf. 


‘YOquatar, Smellrorac, 
Kai adeipot ° Paguavoi, 


66 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


"= to” Agyinélayov was 
Tovoxog aS wh pari): 
Kai av ouws tohunoy 
"Na magonoraads, 
"= ta Baby yo Sadaoons 
° AG xatamoveTo ey. 


Write these verses, and learn to sing them. 


Heidie, noun, nom. plural, neuter gender; from zacdior, 
as in Matt. ii. 2.— Heb. xi. 23. — a son, or male child. 

What sort of noun, or declension, ends in ov? What must 
nadia mean? Whats tod? What number, case and gen- 
der? What does it belong to ?—‘Hga#hébuc, Genitive of 
‘Hoaxh)s, (Hercules,) the supposed heathen god of war. — 
°Ogudte, a contract verb from dguam, I rush violently. — 
What kind of verbs end in aw, ¢«w, and ow? Why are they 
called cotitract verbs ? > Ogud a, dgum, -asis, -&5, -eL, -a, 
&c. What voice, mood, tense, number, and person is égucte 
in? What must it mean? What noun belongs to it? 
What rule? What is set 7?What words does it join ?— Saa- 
62, swords, (modern) noun, neuter accus. plural, from ond- 
6a, which is derived from oadéw, to draw. (Mark, xiv. 47, 
used for drawing a sword.) 

Koateite, contract verb, from *gatéw. to hold firnily, 
(Matt. ix. 26.—Prov. xvi. 32. &c.) derived from xgatos, 
strength. — M’ and mé’ stand for were, prep. with. — Xégr, 
noun, (mod.) accus. sing., from zeig, hand, (common gender 
in modern Greek, fem. in ancient.) "Addo, adjec. accus. 
sing., from @hdog, other. — Ti»,- What is it? What num- 


¥ 


ELEVENTH LESSON. 67 


ber, gender, and case? — Mw1é, noun, neuter, accus. sing. 
from Gs, light or a torch. What is it governed by? xga- 
teire. Whatrule? 

’ Oguyoate, contract verb, from éguéw, I stand or take my 
station. In what voice, mood, tense, number, amd person is 
it? What does it mean ? — Ievvaiwe, adverb, boldly. What 
does it belong to or qualify ? To find what, ask, what is to 
be boldly done? The answer is: take your station boldly. 
— 4oduer’ is shortened forwedéuete, because the next word 
begins with a vowel. It is an irregular verb, from teézo, I 
run, which has dedgéunxe in the perfect. What voice, 
mood ? &c. What does it mean ? —“ Odou, adjec., from é/oc, 
all or the whole. (Both these Eng. words are perhaps de- 
rived from it.) What number, gender, and case? “Odog is 
more used in the modern than the ancient dialect, and mds, 
all, is not so often used. — Matv, adverb, together, modern. 
The origin of this is probably ancient, but I have not traced 
it. — 4eé&’te (for JetSete, shortened in poetry, as many 
words are in English,) from de:x7¥@ or decxvtur. It is con- 
nected with all the other verbs in the first stanza, by xai. 
What is the rule? What is tay ? —‘Eddjvwy, noun, masce. 
from “Eddnv, a Greek. Tt is derived from “Elhac, Greece.— 
Tévos, noun, neuter, nom. sing., means nation: governs 
‘Eligvay. (Rule ?) — “Ot, conjunction, means that. — 27, 
contract verb, from ¢éw, (6. In what voice, mood? &c. 
What mood comes with a conjunction ? (Rule 2) 

“Ydquditar, Saellrdrar, ’Pageavoi are nouns from “Yoou, 
Xnéttie, and ’Ywooa, the three islands which furnished the 
ships*for the fleet in the late war with the Turks. —’S is 


2 


68 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


shortened from es, preposition. — Mes in the modern dia- 
leet is used for éuds or judy, our; and sometimes for judas, 
us.—Tovoxos, Turk, is necessarily a modern word, as there 
were no Turks in ancient times. —’As is often used in the 
modern with the imperative mood, being abbreviated from 
apes, let. — ivy is from gpaivw, I appear. — Tohujon, 
contract verb, from toludw, J dare. —’ Ne, shortened from 
ive, that. In the modern, with the subjunctive mood, it 
forms the common infinitive. Jn the ancient ive and the 
subjunctive were used in this manner: ’W@ 2ag6q01a06;7, 
lo be possessed of it.— BaOy, the depths. — Oaldoons from 
Palaoon or Faldoow, the sea. —— Katunovto067, from *xata- 
movtitoua, IT am sunk, compounded of xaté and movrilo, 
which is from 2¢évt0¢, the sea. (Matt. xviii. 6.) 


TWELFTH LESSON. 
Avdhoyos % Svvopeiia. 


Dialogos e Senomelea. 
Dialogue or Conversation. 
(Partly from Madam Macres Grammar.) 


Eigionovtar xaha madozyeia «ig tov 


évreskondé kala pandohhea es ton 
Are (there) found good inns on the 
dgouoy ; ; 
dromon *. . 
road ? 
Evgioxovta: xai xoha xot KOKO.» 
“ kB kaka 


There are found both good and bad. 


a 


TWELFTH LESSON. 69 


’ Ouretg edetbega ‘“Ednvind, * Ay/line, 


omeles élévthéra hélleneka, angleka 
Do you speak freely Greek, English, 
| Tadhine ; 
galleka 
French ? 


Notes. Sound a as in father, o as in no, e asin me, € as 
met or as @ in mate, y as in yes, d like th in this, and nd as 
in and. 

Avéhoyos is a compound noun, formed of the preposition * 
die and the noun Adyos, a word or speech. It is of the sec- 
ond sort of nouns, or in the second declension, first or nom- 
inative case, singular number, ends in os, is masculine. — 
”H isa conjunction, and connects the two words. — 2vvopt- 
dia is anoun composed of the preposition oJv and the noun 
Guthia, speech, and means speaking with. It is in the first 
declension, feminine, sing. nom. and connected with dvddo- 
yos by 7- (Rule ?) 

E’gioxovtar, What kind of word is this? What does it 
end like? It is averb. Look at the second Table. It isin 
the passive, indic. pres., third person plural. What must it 
be in the first person singular of that tense ? — Evgioxoua. 
What must that mean? I am found. What is the active? 
Evgisxw. Meaning ? IJ find. — Kedd is an adjective, from 
xahds, -7),-dv. Give the changes, (that is, decline it in all 
the cases, genders, and numbers.) Itis in the nom. plural, 
neuter, and agrees with or belongs to, zavdoyeia, (Rule? 
— ITovSoyeta isa noun, second decl. neuter, nom. plural, 
and belongs to, (or is nom. to,) evgroxortar, (Rule?) — 
Eis is a preposition which has a noun after it in the fourth 
or accusative case. Tov is the article. In whatcase? Give 
the changes, (or decline it.) ‘O, 7, 16; tov, ms, Tov; &e. 
It is in the accusative. What gender? masculine. — Zg0uor 
is a noun, second decl. masc. acc., governed by sis. (Rule ?) 

7 


70 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


HTooa pila sivae am’ 8 ewe eis 
How many miles are (there) from here to 
TOY mMQ@TOY olxOY ; 


6 “ house ? 
‘O doeuocg eivar xahoc; 
73 road “ “ 


"Ela 00, aywyate, idov ta yzon- 


Some « driver, “ “ -mon- 
uate ov. 
ey “ 


B&ain wi epegég mola xahe. 
Truly “ thouhast bro’t very _—_well. 
Kai o& émijowone xada. 

« »..% Dhave pad.- « 


Aote ws eva xadov inmov. 
Give “ a «“ horse. 


Notes. Miia is one of the words in the modern dialect 
derived from other languages, nesessary to express ideas. — 
The English word mile is from the Latin millia passuum, a 
thousand paces, and side may perhaps be derived from mile. 

Eivac is used for the third person sing. and plural, indic. 
active, of eiui, I am, instead of the infinitive, as in the an- 
cient. The ignorant sometimes use be in the same manner 
in English: “ he be, they be.” 

?E56 is changed from the ancient word ds, here. 

"Eile is sometimes used for é40¢ in the modern. 

> Aywyvéits, modern. 

Toc is often used in the modern for zod, — > Endijow- 
e«, let aorist, active, from 7/790, -w, a contract verb, to fill. 


TWELFTH LESSON. 71 


Tvagitw tovg inmovg modha xadd. 
1 know © “ “ 6“ 6 
Tovtog innmuc dev akiver timote. 
This &“ not 1s worth anything. 
"Eyo peyadny diwar. 
Ihave great thirst. 
"Eyes xaho wot; 

6 “ bread ? 
Péoe ws Ohiyor. 
Bring “ alittle. 
Tovto to veQov sivas xadov; 


“ “ water “ “ 
Eivay vegov mnyNS | morapod; 
«“ s“ of a spring “ of a river ? 


"Honha eva motyjquoy yada. 
Iwanted a cup of milk. 
"Eyete xagmoic ; 

“ Sruits ? 


” Hoedov eds woul weve (or us’) Bovtioor. 
a with butter. 


To epegoy. 
It Ihave brought. 


Notes. I'vwgifw, hence probably the English word know. 

Aév (ovdér) for ov or ov%, Ovdémte, &c. are ancient. 

Wego is the mod. word for water, instead of tOwe. Words 
derived from tdg are in frequent use. MWegov may be de- 


72 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


rived from vé@, to flow. W is left off from the end of vegov 
before a vowel, as it is from other nouns, verbs, &c. generally. 

Pout or youioy is the most common modern word for 
bread, but @otov, the ancient word is also used. Wapéor is 
used four times in St. John, 13th chap. 26th, 27th, and 30th 
verses. It is derived from yoito, to feed, ancient, and that 
from ywwuds and ydw, Wwui has the sharp accent because 
it ends a sentence. The dull accent is generally changed to 
the sharp in such cases. 


Avagogor égutHoers eis TOY 
Ogowoyr. 
Different Questions on the Road. 


ITote gevye 6 THYVOQOMOG ; 
‘When departs (flies) * post? (swift runner ?) 


Eig moiag uéoas ‘tozetar (avazwoet) 
“ which - & comes (arrives) 
6 TAxXVOQOMOS ; . 
“ “ 


Aiv ixete xediupiov épnuegida ; 
“ “ no [not one] newspaper ? 


Notes. A4éigogor, adjective, nom. plu., derived from déa 
and géea.—’Egwtoevg, noun, nom. plu., derived from ¢9w- 
té0, €9wt6, Task. — 4960s, noun, nom. sing., derived from 
zeézxo, Irun; perf. dedgaurxa,— Td yv has ¢ omitted from 
the end, to make a better sound: otherwise it would make 
tayvodgduoc.— Ke’ uuiar, from xa, (the + being put under 
#,) and «7 and piay, and not. one.— Egyyuegida, noun, fem. 
from égnuegis, which is formed from és and fuége, daily. 


TWELFTH LESSON. 73 
Pf FZ CHR [lanl forward mee 
Oa eywusy © Kibagovato péyyog Oe 
We shall have a most beautiful light of the 


rms, [peyyagu.] 
moon, [moonlight. | 

Oflo "va smelevou. 

IT will walk, or I wish to walk, or 1 
wish that I may walk. 


Notes. Od &yomev, shortened from O¢iaper iva Eyoper, 
We desire that we may have. — KaOagdtato, purest or very 
pure, adjective, xa0ageétatoc, -y, -ov. It belongs to p&yyos. 
(Rule?) Derived from «aOagés, -7, -6%, pure, and *ebage- 
7890S, -7,-0v, purer. KeaOagds is from xabagito or xa- 
Gaigw, I purify. (John i. 7, and many other places in the 
Scriptures.) Kafaigw may be from ard and aigw, I take 
away. — éyyoc, brightness, nom. neut. accus. sing. (Matt. 
xxiv. 29.) Weyydgu is a modern word from géyyos, and 
means moonlight. 

Oéhw, Iwill or I wish, verb. It is sometimes used in an- 
cient Greek as a helping verb, and very often in modern, as 
it is here, with ’vd, (that is, tve,) after it. In speaking fast 
the Greeks sometimes say, instead of Pé1m vd nedsvow, Fé’ 
ya medevow, and da wedevow ; as we say “I will walk, or 
I'll walk.” They say also, dév 98? ’vd, or Oév Oa? medev- 
ow; as we say, “I won’t walk.” These are shortenings or 
abridgements. The proper way to write them is: és or 
dev Féiw iva medevow; or perhaps dév should be written 
ov dev, (nothing.) 

fig 


74 LESSONS IN GREPK. 


"Efevow TO et0n TOUTWY = TAY 
1 know “ appearances of these “ 
MAY WATOY. 
things. 


‘ 


Lvvyevwatiowwey Onuegov ig TaC 
Let us dine together - to-day en 6 
tTéOouNQas was. 
four hours [o’clock.] 


Tpoopévete unccdeopévovs ; [xadéw, I call.| 
Do you expect invited [ friends ?} 

Kabloste xvguo. - [Kvovet, pidor.] 
Sit down gentlemen. [Ladies, friends. ] 


Aog pes Ohiye yoora. 
Give me a few vegetables. 


Notes. “E€evow, modern, a verb, active, indic. pres. Ist 
person, sing. Derived from’E§&, from, and siga, J find: 
that is, J find out, or Iknow. Twaoxw, I know, is also 
much used in modern. — £%07, noun, neut. accus. plu. from 
sl§ocs eds. ‘These and many other words are derived from 
s¥m, Isee: such as, (0éa, sight or figure, (Matt. xxviii. — 
23; Gen. v.3; Plutarch in Pericles,) ei) ior, idol ; (1 Cor. 
viii. 4, &c.) eidolargia, the service of idols or idolatry ; 
dneido, Ilook from; éxsidw, Tlook in; mgosidw, I fore- 
see; ovveidw, I see together or consider; &c. &c. 

Igaypdétoy, neuter noun, gen. plural, from 7g¢yue, 
which is derived from 7ea1tt or mgéc0w, I do. Whence 
also is mgaypateia, business, &c. 

Isvow, J taste or eat ; yevuatitw, I dine. 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 7d 


‘Ayandte "va o&  xoww dno TO 
Do youlike that “ Ishouldeut from «“ 
énavo 4 xatwo wégog tot wopiov; 
above or below part « bread ? 
| Do you like the upper or the under crust ?| 
Paiveter c&odoyov. 
It appears very nice, [worthy of remark.] 
Tovto eivar dw ty Kugiav. Maxony, 
3: “for Miss Macre, 
tHYv Suyatégay ov. 
“« daughter —-your. 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 


The Story of Joseph. 


(Genesis, ch. xxxvii.) 
V. 1. Imojg 66 déxa nat éentd étdv Av, moumoivoy 
Joseph, and ten ‘‘ seven years was, feeding 
Ta medfhata tod mateds avtod usta thy Gdslgdv attos, 
« gheep “ father his ..“ “ brothers ig 
@v vé0og musta toy vidvy - Ballas, nad META TOY vid» 
being young ‘* ‘* sons of Ballas “ ‘§ ae ek 
Zelpag tay yuvaimdy tod matgeds avtov. 
Zilpah ‘* wives ‘ as ef 
3. °"Iaxa6 0&8 jyéna tov >Iaany maga mkYTUs tov 
Jacob “ loved * s above all Sh 


76 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


viots avtod, dt vids yhows qv atte, émoiggs aita 
- és “« © of age “ to him, he made ne 


yeva ~— touxihoy. 
a coat of different colors. 


4. *Iddvtes dé of ddchpot avtod, dt aitévy & marie 


Seeing cc Ok “ec “cc that “ec “cc “ec 
gist éx ndvtwy tév vidy advtod, é&uionoey adtoy, xab odx 
loves “cc “ce “ce “ee “ce hated < “ not 


ZOvvavto dalsiv aitG ovdéer signvixdy. 
could speak “ any thing peaceable. 
12. *EmogevOnouv 68 of adelqot avtod Booxsiv rd 


Went ci ¥ sf to feed ‘ 
meoGata tod mateds atta sig Sryéu. 
<e ‘c (73 “e “c Sichem. 
13. Kal simey ’Iogajh meds "Iwong, otzt of ddchqoi 
“e < “ce to “cc not “ ‘“ 
gov momaivovow sig Siyésu; Jevgo, dnooreidw ae meds 
‘6 feed eo FES come Iwillsend “« “ 


ajrovs, sine 08 aitG, idod yd. 
as «behold “ = (See Bible, Gen. 37. 14.) 


14. eine 0& atta *Iogajd- mogevOelc ide, 8 éytalvou- 
ow of ddshpoi gov, xal ta med6ate, xa dvdyysrhdy jor, 
nat dnéoterey adtdv &% ths xovddos tic Xe6gdv, xai 
qiOev sic Sezéu. i : 

15. xab svgey aitoy drvOgwmos mhavdusvoy éy tH 78- 
dig Aodtyoe dé atitévy 6 dvOgwmos, kéywv: té tntEis ; 

16. 608 sims, tovg ddehpovs mov tyra, anayysidy mor 
nod Bdaxovow. 

17. sine 58 witG 6 &vOguwm0c> dmiguaow évredder, 
qxovea yao aitay heyévtmy, mogevdduev sic Aobasiu. 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 77 


nab exogev0n "Inojgp xatdniobs tay ddehpGy attod, xai 
svgev avtots évy AwOaeiu. 
18. weocidoy 08 aitdvy paxgdbev mgd tod éyysiou av- 
TOY 1905 avtovs, “ab éxovngevorto kmoxtEivar abtOY. 
19. eize 5&8 Exaotos modg tov @Oehgdy aitos- dod 
svumViadtys exsivos Egyetar. 
_ Ss; ~ > ~ > ce, 

20. viv ovv dette, doxtsivwmpusy adtov, nav giwopusy 
avtov sig &va tv héunxwy, nai Egodusv> Fygiov movygdor 
oA  Yaeee > , ? ” + eee 
natépayey avtdv: abl dwousda, te EOta Th EvimvLG 

avtov. 
21. "Axotoas 5é Povbyv sEsihato avtdy é&x TOY yErody 


avtav: xal einey ov mataétmpsy eis wuyyy. 


(Gospel of St. John, I. 19—27, 35—40.) 


V. 19, Kai aiity gotiv Ff pagtugia tot *Imdévvov, ote 
dnéotevhav of Iovdaior && “Isgocolvuwy iegsis nab lsvitas, 
iva SQut{owow abtdv+ ov tis Et; 

20. Kai Gpmoldynoe, “ab o§% jovyioato: xat duoldyy- 
aev, Ot ovx siui yO 6 Xguotds. 

21. Kai jowryoay awitéy- ti otv; “Hhiag c¢ od; Kat 
Aéyevs ovx siuc: é moopytys 6 OV; Kai dmexgidn: ov. 

22. Einoy ovv atta: tis 8&3 iva dndxguaw Sduev toic 
mEMWaoW Audc; te Léysig meQt Geavtod ; 

23. "Egy: &y pwry Bodrtos &y tH soyum: stOdvate 
tv 606¥ Kugiouv: xabas einer ‘Hoaias 6 xooyyrtys. 

24. Kal of drectaluévor, youv &% tdv Daguaiwy. 

25. Kal joetycay aitdr, xab eimoy waite: ti ovv Ban- 

< 


réters, ef ad ox 8¢ 6 Xguatés, odte "Hiias, ovte § mQ0- 


PUTS 3 , 


78 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


26. “Ansxgibyn .aitois 6 “Iwdyync, héywy: éyd Bantita 
év Hdate- péoog J& Judy Eatynxer, by Susic ovx oidate - 

27. Aités éorw & dmiow pov Epydusvos, bs Eumgoabéer 
pov yéyover* od éyd odn eiud dEvwe iva Wow aitod ror 
tudvta tod i007 uatos. 


35. Ti émavguoy nahi siorixer 6 "Iwdvyns, wat &x 
tav mabntayv aitot d¥o. 

36. Kat éub6léwas tH "Ijood megueatotym, léyer: Weg 
& duvds tod Ooi. 

37. Kai qzxovoay avtos of S¥o pabntai Lahotvtos, xai 
qxokovOnoar 7a *Inood. 

38. Srgagsic J& 6 “Ingots, xat Deaodusvog aitorvs 
duolovOotrtac, héyst adtois- 

39. Ti teteite; Of 0% einoy aitG> ‘Pab6i, 6 léyetas 
Egunvevdusvoy, Siddoxals, mov méveErs ; 

40. Aéyer witois: Egysabe xai ete, “HiOov xal sidov 
mod méver- xabl mag’ avt@ Euswav ty Aueguy exeivyv: 
Goa qv dc dexdty. 


(Acts, xxii. 1—11.) 


V.1. °*Avdoss ddslpal, xab watégec, dxosoaté ov Tic 
meds tudo viv dmohoyiac. 

2. Anotiocartes J& te TH ‘Eb gaide Sialéuto TOOTEDOVES 
avtois, uahhov magéazov youyiay xai pnow- 

3. °“Eyo wév siur dvig “Iovdatioc, yeysvynuévocg év Tag- 
o@ tis Kuhixiag dvateOgaupsvos O& év tH adhev tavty 
mage tovs médac Fapoahujh, mertadWevuévos xara dugibevay 
tod natggov véuov, tnhwtics tadeyov tob Osod, xabds 
mavres vusic gots onuseor 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 79 


4. °Os taityy tiv dddv ediwka & you Favdtov, Jecusiowr 
xai magadldovs sic puhaxds dvdgas te xal yuvaixac, 

5. ‘Qs nai 6 eyegeds uagrvget mor, xai nav t6 m980- 
Gutégiov- mag’ Gv xab émotolds Sekdusvos meds tovs 
adshpovs, sig Aapaoudy éxogevduny, Ewv nat tovs éxei- 
ge Ovtac, Oedeuévous sic ‘Iegovoahiu, iva tyuwonbdouw. 

6. ’Eyéveto dé woe mogevousym xai éyyitovt ti da- 
sMaozxG megi usonubgiary, éfaigyns &x tod ovgavod meégi- 
aoTedwat pas txavdv mEgh éus- 

7.*Ensodé te sig 16 E0aqoc, wai jxovoe paris deyov- 
ong mow Saovd, Laovs, ti me Oudnets ; 7 

8. "Eyo dé dmexgibny. Tis &i, Ki gue ; Einé te mQ6¢ 
pe: “Ey@ eiue "Ingots ¢ NWalwoaios, ov at didxecc. 

9. O& 5é oiv Euol dvtes tO ev Qs eOedourto, xab 
Euqobor éyévorto, tiv OE pari» odx jxovoay 10 hahoty- 
TOS moe. 

10. Eixoy dé Ti mowjow, Kigue; ‘O 08 Kvguos mods 
us "Avaotas mogevou sig Aauacxdv xaxet cou halnOrae- 
Tar mEegi maévTOY OY TETAXTAs Tor momoa. 

11. ‘Rg dé odx Evébhenoy, dnd tig JdgnSs tod qatds 
Exeivov, YElpaywyovusvos bud TOY GuYdYTMY mor, 740 0v 


big Aauaczoy. 


(Acts, xxvii. 37—44; xxviii. 1—6.) 


37. *Husy 0& év 16 mhoiw ai nméoau wuyai, Staxdorae 
E60 ounzortaéé, 

38. Kogecértes 5& to0pqs, exovqitoy td mhoiovy, éx- 
6aliousvor tov citoy sic tiv Ddélacoay, 


39. “Ore O& uéga syéveto, tiv yjv ovx éneyivwoxoy 


80 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


xdinov O& twa xatevdovy eyovta aiytahdy, eis dv &6ov- 
levoavto, ef O¥vawto, Hoar té6 mhoioy, 

“40. Kat tag dyxdquc megueddytes siwy sic tv Bdthao- 
gay, dua avévtes tag Cevutngiag tov nyjdulinw xual énd- 
gurres TOY doTémova TH nveovon, watetyov eig tov ai- 
yeahov, 

Al. Isgureodvtes dé eis téx0v, diOdhacooy, éndxerhay 
thy vaby: xad jf mer mQdQe egeioaca Euswev dodhevtos, 
4 0é moduva élieto ind tis Bias tOy xYmdTOr. 

42. Tév 5& orgatemtdy Boviy éyéveto iva tods deoud- 
tag Gmoxteiywor, pytis éxxohuubrijcas dvaqvyou. 

43. ‘O 0&8 éxarévtagzos, Bovidusvos Siaodoo tov Hat - 
lov, éxdhvoev attovs tod Povhrjuetos, éxélevos te tov 
Suvapévovs xohkuubey, @noggiyartas modtovs ent ty yy 
b&sévan, . 

44. Kai rovs howrods, ots mévy Ent caviow, ods 86 éni 
twv08Y TOY and TOO mhotov- xai OtTMS &yévEeTo MéYTUs Jia- 


ownbivar ént thy iv. 


1. Kal dsaowbévtes, tote énéyrvwouy Gte Mehitn x v7- 
oos “adsitar. 

2. Of O& BaéeGagor magetyor o¥ tv tvyotoar gihar- 
Oowniay yuiv: dvdwartes yg nvgdy mgooshdborto ndyv- 
tas iuds, dud tov Setdy tov Egeot@ta, xai dud 16 Wiyos. 

3. Svoteéwarios dé tot Iaviov povydévay ahjOoc, xai 
émvOévtos ént tiv mvedy, Exrdva ex H¢ Péouns &&ehOod- 
oa xabiwe tis yEvgds adTod. 

4. ‘Ns 5é sido of Bdgbaugor xgeudusvor 6 Ingiov &x 
ths ysrods adtod, éheyov mQ0¢ alidioug Idévtm¢g qovevs 


bl ie i Me a 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 81 


éouy 6 EvOgwmos ovtos bv Jiaowbévta Ex tio Fahdoons 
7% Sinn Civ ovx siacer, 

5. 'O wey ovy, dnotuvdtasg 16 Iygiov eis 10 nvQ, Enc- 
Gev o8dév xaxdr 

« % ’ tee ‘4 , >” 
6. Of 58 mo0geddxmy attdy péllew niungacbar, 7 xa- 
, » , s- 4 A] Mu aes ee ny ‘ 

tanintesy dpyw vexgov: éni mold dé aitéy ngocdoxor- 
tar, xat Fewoovytmy undéy Atonmoy eis adtdy ywopmevor, 


ustabakldpevor Eleyor Osdy attdy eiven, 


Letter from Mr. Alexander Negris, 
Author of the Modern Greek Grammar. 


Kiges, Eidov ta doa negi éuod yzOés éyodwpate 
Sir, Ihave seen what concerning me yesterday “ 
eis THY Epynusgida, xab mo0dqpeQWY as EtydQguoTias pov, 
“6 newspaper “ bringing ‘“ thanks 2 
Laubdvw mv shevOegiay ’vd ods magaxalsow vad mQoo- 
Itake “ liberty ieee request ze 
Ggante xai vd xaimste cig tém0vy tod "vad éevvo%an, 16 
e i ee ake “of it “ make known “ 


xowdy, Ore 4 vov xeOomdouusyn ‘Eddnviny Auihlextoc et- 


news “ & & spoken 6 CT 

var att ge tv Wahavar, xai ore rf deaqoga eivar 10- 
is thesame“ “ old, “ « difference ‘“ 

gory pixgd, @ote Yunoget negeoadtegoy ’vd FewonOy w: 
= sie may rather ‘appear ‘“* 
diaqogd vous naga yldoons, mia, léyo, xai 4 ait? 
a different dialect than . ong, Ttay, “© % * 


Sudhextoc, Seargoumévy eic dvw, mahawy xai véar, 7 
a6 REV ROG 8 tF-52 eS new ‘one 


Mév meguéyer TovS Guyyeagqeics, 7 dé viv sis xo7- 


‘indeed embraces “ writers the (other) “ “ use 


8 


82 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


ow jmdoxer, res xai xadourouuévyn héyetar, xai rijy 
belongs which “ spoken is called,“ © 

Onotay dui 'vd yrogity tig -xahGs, moémer va Ei- 

which that may know any one well he ought “ 

yee BuMeLQOS THiS nmahauis, Hus sivas 4 Baars. 

6s skilled “ “ “ “ 14 “ce 

Ev evi hoym, maha xai véa SEhdnjviny Auihextos sivas 

6c “ “ ‘a4 “ “ ce cc “ 

pia xad f adr, yf Mev meds yoy OL, 7 JE med¢ td Evvosiv 

re “ “ “ oO “ “ oc oC “ “ understand 


HOvov tovs mahacodg ovyygapeis. 
(<4 “ 74 “ 


Zirov cuyyvamer dia rijv évdzlnow qv didope oas 
Asking pardon for “ trouble. which ‘“ ss 
Eabar BECar0s 
be sure 
Ore siui xai Ecouar dhog ads 
eTrts™ “Miihe "% ° = 
CAlLéEuvdqog Naxos. 
1828, 177 Sin “Angihias. 
WéE ov ‘Yoox. 


‘O ave SP ANS S Katamoaxtys tHe WVrayd gas 


eictédv Kevadda. 


Eig ex tov uéyeoroy notauay tos Kéauov, sivar 6 xa- 
Lovuevos,“ Aytog Aaveévtios, eis tv “Ausguxiy. Tovtov 
Too moramod ha ta Sdara, sic tyv Sud6acw tov and riHs 
hemvng Ei: Eg myv depryny > Ovreguo, xonuritorvtas éxmy- 
XTEXDS,, dg’ Evdg Byoug éxatdy nevtixorra modGy, xata 
na Oetory. . 

econo sivas va partagdq tic ry msyahongé meray 


mee oe eee se 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 83 


tavins tho oxnvas. Ilorauds Babitatog, zai dountexora- 
toc dud tod émdv0v ggovow Ta VOata, Ging ayeddvy tH5°_Agx- 
tdas Ausounis, 1905 tow > Athavtixdy > Rxsavdy, vd xata- 
aint meta mwohhotd ta yous did wuts Gergds Bodywr, oir- 
veg Ywovortar Go Tetyos, an0 tO &Y, xual amo to hho 
BEQOS THs xOwtyS TOD Qevuatds Tov, ‘O motauds Bhiyor 
dvwtéoo, etvar oyeddv tou téragta évdc¢ midhkidv mhari, 
zat of Bodyor, sis To OtEYatEgoy TOV MEQOS, EivaL mEVTE- 
xootwy mevtinxovta maynyewy vyyhdr. ‘SH drevOvvais tév 
dév sivas evOéva, GMa xauntsy, Gudia pe nétaloy didyou, 
sig TQOMOY MOTE GO xatagéxTyS, OS Tis MOQGUYETaL, xaTa 
TO Oxia tod Eunodiov, xhoOoyvoutwmy magseotdver to poi- 
xwdéotatoy Péapa iis pv oews. 

Kat’ ab1td 0&@ 16 wéoov tod xvxhotegois tétyous tay 
Jddtar, uit puxgd viTos, xatapgovotca ty Biav tov 
zeuuagoouv' meobahler wiv tio &xQdQEray, xata Tv xOQU- 
iY THS SmdLas, Jtaiget to gevua sic DUO mégn, GA sva- 
vovtar néhuy mw gotod axdur va xatavtycovy sis toy maTOY 
‘H Bon tovtov tod éxnlynxtxod xatagdéxtov, axovEtar sic 
andatnua miahidy Evxoor, xat Fi guy tay sddtwr, xata 
TO MEQOS THS MI@GEWS TOY Eivae Gxatavoentos, Td miua- 
licua téy Sddtwr, yevvd mdy durylyy, jtes Bwoverar oysddv 
Eas sig 1a vegy, xai Oynmatiler TEQUYOTATOY G’QaYLOY T6- 
Sov, étavriyy aooabdélLovoww aé axtives Tod ‘Hiv. *Eay 
xoveig eioéhOn, sig 16 wéoor Tavis 1S adtpidos, 7 éav 
pvoGy 6 dvEeuos, thy péger xat’ Encdyvw tod, Pos yetar bic 
Ghiya hentd tocodtor, Os vd WOehe Buntiobqy eic 16 vyQdr. 

Kata tov Lentéubgiov, xav "Oxtaubguoy paiva, toaov 


peyadhy moodtys ntaudtwr, Sdgobiar atyyGy Evgioxortus 


S4 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


td agwi, knoxdtw mo mtdoews tod Hdurog+ wots ri» 
Ene TOD PQovgiv tig Niaydeas pPeovedy, tesqer aPOdrwe. 
Y@puata "Ehagiwy, *Agutwy, xai cliwy Cow évgroxortas 
Sxet xdunors, t2 Smoie ydvovtar, vy @ Soxiudtovar va 
dianegaowow, Jnegdvw, tio mtdoews 100 VOatos, °And 
TeSWrGta¢ wavOavousy bts xai dvOgwmor Ey Onoay dixeas, 


xata TOY adtdv tTedmor, 


Td xahed Hatilov wai Bigyeviay, P, 114, 


Met’ dhiyor & vé0g ob Qos, Os tg €dtaqpogovcsr an’ bho 
T2 tod xdoguov, Go dnoioyeryns, me magexdheos va TOY 
ddEw 16 dvaywooxely xai yedgew, Sid vd Gunogy va 
xoatn Avtanduguy ps thy Bigywiav. "“HOélyoe pera 
tadta va SiWayOy yewygapiar, did ’va’moxtijon idéay tod 
rénov, Smov éuchhev: abt, vagdtn, xai iorogiar, dud vd 
yrwgion ta 70 ths xowwrias, sic thy Omovay Eushle va 
tion. SIlagouoims sizey exnadev0y thy yswoyixiy, xat 
Ty téyvnv vad sitgsenity me yodow 16 nhéov dvduahoy 
Edapos, and tiv duiOsow tot Egwtos, Eig tag émsOumiags 
zai TAS Txomovpsvas Amohavaers tod Feguod tovtov xai 
avnovzyou nédovs zyoswortotusr dvaugib6dhws of dvOgwzos 
Tag MEQLOTOTEQUS ENMLOTH MAS xal TéExVas, xal And Tag OTE- 
eyoerg avtos xal dnotuyiag éyevyiOn if pihocopia, Hrs 
was diWddoxer va nmagnyogovusba dv’ dha. Oittwe Ff pias 
4 guvdécaca névta te Gvta dud toH Egwtog toy xa- 
TégTHoe mMEeGTOY Ogyavoy tay avOQunivay xowwriay, xal 
Ladnvgoy téy justéguy jdorav nal pwabjoewr, 

°O Ilavhog dev svootwmevOy modded tiv onovdyy tis 
jewyoaupias, Hts dytl vd negeygdgy ti» giaw éxdotoy 


E—E—E—E>E————— ee eS 





THIRTEENTH LESSON. 85 


TOm0v, uas mMaguoTévEer udvor Tas mokimxaAS abTOd» Srarge- 
cee, ‘H torogia, xai wdhora 4 vewtéga, déy 1dv aoece 
megesadtegow* duott dév evguoxev sig avtyy i uy yEere 
nao zai meguoduxds dvotiyias, tév Enoiwmy dév EGheme ta 
uitiac mohé mous yogis hoyov xai yagig oxondv, oxEvO- 
pias oxotewds, E0vn yooic yagaxtigw xual fyeusva® Zo- 
gis pthavOguatav. *Engotuovos dé dm atti tc pvOeo- 
Togiac, of Smoiae Peortitovor nEegioodtegay did Ta TUU- 
peoorvta xaitd poovymata’ toy dvOodnur, tov Ederyray 


sv4OTE ZaTAOTAGELS Gmoios ws Thy EdixyY TOY. 


From Paul and Virginia, P. 102. 


°ElOovons 8& t5 WoQas Tob Jeinvov, &xdOyour eis rijy 
ngané lav, xal ExaOTOS THY GUVOEiNVaY, TAQUTTOMEVOS GND 


maGn duiqoga, payer Ghiyor, xai dév Guiknoe navtane- 


ow, SH Bigywia éonxdOy medtyn, nai qAOe vad xaOyon 


Omov Tége oréxouev, ‘O TTavdog dxohkovOnoe mer’ dhiyor, 
x 2 , , > , G ‘ 
xui ExdOnoe minoiov avis. “Aupotegor Eueway tuurdy 


a» s , > 
xuigdv bic axoar ovwnyiy, ‘H vv& 4tO “ia amd tas hap- 


- > , ~ ~ , 
mo@tatacs éxeivac metagd 1G¥ tTeomLx@r, TOY 6m0iwY Guorc 


nat 6 mhEéov nity devos Cwyodqos dduvatei vd aagaorion 
16 xdhhoc. ‘H oehijvn éqaiveto év wéow tos oregeduc- 
Tos, mégixuxhoméevy me maganétacua vegay, ta éno0ia die- 
hiovto Bubunddv dnd tds dxtivas adtis. Td pds adris 
Ore yU VETO dveracOytws cic ta Gon Tig viaov, TOY O70K- 


wy at xogupal dnélaunov modawerv doyveopeyyés. O86 


» 2 ~ . 
_avemot Exgatovoay tiv avojy aitav. Eis 1a ddan, eis 


16 Babos tay xouddwy, sis ti» xogug)y tay Bodywr, 
Wxovorvto hentai gavai, yhuzvtara wiOvoicuera niqyar, 


9° ; 


86 LESSONS IN GREEK. 


1a nota tegndusva dnd 16 peyyos Ths wuxtdg xab 19¥ 
yalnvyv 106 dégoc, éyadetorto sig tag pwheds airar. 
“Eos xai abta t2@ Cwigra e6oub6oicav ynd 16 yogtor- 
Of dotéges axtivobolotcay sig tév otgavdry, zal af da- 
lacoa dytavazxhodoe tas tosuovoas attay ‘eixdvas. ‘H 
Bigfivia énéoreswe tovs opOahuods atts sig 16 mhatdy 
zal Copadn avrig dgitovta, tév Fnoiov ta égvbgd mvged 
1av dhiéwy devydgutay dnd td» aiytahdv, war sider eis 
tv sicodoyv tod hiuévos pos xat oxudy- tabta dé yoav 
10 pavdguoy xai td oxdgos tod. xagabioy adrjs, tO n- 
oiov, Etouwov va sxahevon sis thy Evganyny, éngdouerver 
sis thy dyxvgaw 16 téhos tHS yalyyns. ‘SH Bigywia éta- 
ot70n and tavtny tiv Fewgéav, xal wsetéorgewe ty xeE- 
galyy tis, but vd en tiv dG & Iavhos Jaxgvovoar. 


Notes to assist the Learner. "Egyouat, I come, éhevao- 
fot, 7hvOe, irregular verb. Rule, A participle and a noun, 
&c.— Kafito, I sit.— Toanétn, table, from teés, three, 
and zovs, foot. — 4einyw, I sup. — Tagdoow or tagdrttm, | 
‘ am disturbed or feel distress. — I]éO0s, suffering, noun 
neuter, derived from aéoxw, J suffer. — 4uiqogos, different, 
adjective, derived from déa@ and géga.— Piyw, I eat.— 
"Ouléw, I speak. —Ilavténaciw, not at all, adverb. — 
Swzdo, Tam silent. — Taga, now, mod. from 17 dea or t0d- 
™ Ti oe, —’ Lorde or tornur, 1 stand. —*Axolovw, I fol- 
low. — IThynoiov, near. —’ Augdregor, both, derived from &u- 
go, both. — Méva, I remain. —"Ixavos, sufficient. 

* Ang Ss extreme. — Nv§, night, — Adunegos, bright, — 
Mera een. —° Enutydevos, skilfull. —Zdyeagpos, pain- 
ter. (From téw, Ilive, and yeaa, J write.) — Avvraus, I 
can. —A, not, when put before a word. — Yedqvn, moon. — 
Méaos, middle. — Yregéwpua, firmament, from otegeds, solid, 


a a ee eS a a 


—_— = 


= a 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. : 87 


— Kvxhos, circle; xvxhdw, I encircle ; meguevxidw, I encir-- 
cle about. — Ilagaxétacua, parapet, curtain. — Négos, 
cloud. — 4valvouar, I melt away. — Babunddor, by degrees. 
— ’Axty, ray. —”" Ogos, noun neut. mountain. 

Ni G0¢, island. — Aéunw, I shine, (whence lamp.) —Ie¢- 
awos, green. (Revelation, xxi. 20. zevodmgacos.) —” Ag- 
790s, silver. —”Aveuos, wind. — Kgatéw, I hold strongly. 
— IIvon, breath. — 40005, a wood, modern, neut. — Bados, 


depth, neut. — Koidds, valley, neut. (Kovdie tod xjtovs, © 


Matt. xii. 40.) — xoguvg7, top, summit. 

Bod yos, rock, modern.-—’Azovw, I hear. —— Aentos, 
small, light. —- Par, voice. — Tiveus, sweet. (Hence per- 
haps, liquorice.) — ¥vOvgvotuoc, murmur, noun. (2 Cor. xii. 
20.) — ty vé, animals, noun, plural, no sing.; derived from 
mtd w.— Tégnw, I take pleasure. 

Talivn, tranquility, from yehdw, I laugh. —’ Aég, air.— 
Xaidevw, I caress. — Pwiedé, nest, modern; gpwieds, hole, 
ancient. — Zwigiorv, avery small animal or animalcula, 
modern, from ¢#or, animal. — Xogtos, grass. 

’ Aatig, star. —’ Axtwo060lG, Tihrow up lightning, from 
dxtiv, lightning, and Ballo, I throw. — Ovgavos, heaven. 
— AvtavaxiG, I reflect, modern.-— Tgéuw, I tremble. — 
Eizov, image. — Teépo, I turn. —’ OgGahuds, eye. — Iha- 
ts, wide. — Zogwdos, dark. 

Ogitwr, horizon. —’Egv0géc, red. (Red Sea, Exodus.) 
— INQ, fire. —’Ahieds, fisherman. — Avazyooéw, I divide 
or distinguish. — Aiyvahos, shore. —" Et:aodoc, entrance, the 
way in. ("E&odog is the way out or departure.) — Amir, 
harbor. — 2xi@, shadow. — Davaguor, light house, modern ; 
from gavegow, which is from paivw, I appear. —— Sxdgos, 
boat, neut.; from oxantw, I dig, whence perhaps skiff, 
meaning a canoe.— Kagé6vor, ship, modern. = Eto.pos, 
ready. — IThéw, I sail. —’Evganny, Europe. — Hoocpsvea, 
I wait for. —"Ayxvga, anchor. (Acts, xxvii. 29 and 30; 


88 LESSONS/IN GREEK. 


Heb. vi. 19.) » Derived from @yxvhoc, sea weed. and géo, 
I flow. — Oemgéa, vision. — Kegpah)jy, head. — 4uxgvw, I 
weep. 


Td xatd Haviov zat Bigytvi«r, P. 147. 


Déoqwv,— Ts xdliotoyv dw dla a BiGhia, 10 
Old Man.— “ best of: call .*& » books}: -- 
onoioy diddoxer mavtod iodryra, adydrny, giavOguaiar 
which teaches $ s¢ love = 
nat omovorar;, 16 Evayyéhov, léyw, €xonudtiuos modhovc aiG- 
“ bid “ Gospel 7 “ “ 


vas. mgdpacis sic tay Eiguaaimy tag Ingimdias. Tlooa 
ray te 7 te a3 “ “ce 


nowai nai meguxal Tugarvvine yivovta, dxoun eis Ovome 


ef “ - tyrranies exist now “ the name 
abrod. éni tis yis! . Ioios énerta vd éhaion or Béher 
ofit -“. * xearth } ¥ then,;:: “i hopes, “..* 
Gpekyose tovg dvOganovs we Br6hior ; 

favor a “ ii4 “ 


*EvOuunogov onoia earbn 4 Wyn TéY prdocoger, doot 
tov¢ sdidakay tv cogiav. ‘O ‘Oungos 0d atokioas airy 
Mé Hgavotatove otiyouc, eCytoicer shenuoovyyny Eni Cwres 
tov, °O Swugdtys, 65 nal we ta On wai we rods dAdyous 
Tov-edwnxs yhuxitata wabhuata. adtis eis tov” Abnvaiovs, 
EpagwaxevOn StzaotixGs an” abrovs. ‘O dwivoug wabyrys 
tov IThatwy nagedo6n Sovheiav xatd ngootayyy tov mg00- 
TaTEvortos avtoOv FyEuovoc, xai 196 avtar 6 ITvOaydgac, o¢ 
Tbs 10. ptkdvOgu0s Hab 1Q0¢ avid. ta tGa, xatexan Car 
and tobg Kowrtmvirac. Tihéyo; ra meguscorega udhiora 
1GP hawngGy TovT ay drvoud Tor tqbucay sic jucs nagapoeg w- 





| 


ae, os ie 


 ——_— 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 89 


Méva Ue TaQxaguods xal Ox@uuata xai yagaxtygilovtar us av- 
10, dure && adtay dyang ved td yywgutyn 4 &vOganwos dya- 
guotia, “Edy dé petakd tay noklov 7 d65a trGy dveod- 
On wézou totde xabagad nai dudhuvtos, aitioy sivas OTe 08 
Eyortss attra &Cyoay ywouruéror And tay ouyyoovay av- 
T6v Thy xowarviay: xabas tia dyaluata éxballovtar dxé- 
guava and tods dygovs tho ‘Elkddocg nai tig Italiac, dirs 
magayousva sic tov xdhnov itis ys éxgopulazOnoar dad 


mv liocay tay Bagbdouy. 


Virginia’s Letter, P. 116. 


Téhos mavtwyv éhabe, Sul tevog xagabiov mhéovtos sis 
tiv *Ivdiav, deudtuoy xav émotohijy yoauucryny idvoysigu¢ 
and tv Bugysviar, 

Diltdtn zat moOeworaty piteg! 

TIolie yodupata o éygawa wézyor 10008, idioysiguc, xaé 
émewdn dev Ehaba dnoxguosy, Exw aitiavy ’va gpobovtuar 
unas o svexergicbnoary, “Exyw élnidas yonatotégas met 
tod magdvtos, dudte énevénoa tivads mgopuidters, us tas 
Onoios Félw oe pavegover sig 16 éEbq¢ Ta war’ Bus, xab 


AauGaver sidyoerg gov. 


The Peloponnesus. 


‘H [Ielonévynoos govnvia éor pvhiw mhatévov to oy7- 
fea, ion d&@ oysdov te xata unxos xai xata mhatos. “Eyougs 
dé tis Xeggorvnoov tavtys, 10 ev EOnEQLOY E005 *Hieios 
xat Mecorvior, xhuCousvoe tH Sexehix@ melayer: esq dé 
meta tv’ Hisiay sett 10 téy’ Ayardy EOvos, meds EQxtoVs 


Blémov, xait@ KogwOtaxd xola@ magatsivoy: tehevte O§ 


90. LESSONS IN GREEK. 


sig tiv Sixvwviay, “Evrevdev dé Xixvov xal KogeGos 
éxdéystat, wéyor tos igOuod. Meta dé 1)» Meoonviay % 
Auxavexy, xa 4° Agysia, uézou 100 loOuot aity. Méay 
0é éotiv 4} Agyadia, maow eninermévn, xai yerrvidou rots 
Gidowg EOveorr, 

Toke: wer Si wai dhice ioe tug dv ey SEMdde nai ad nov- 
cat Favpatos &Sva, wdhvota dé ta &¥’? Olhvuunia. Atm 7 
mdhug tiv Emipdvevay Eoyey EE Goyis wey Jud 16 jeartsioy 
tov *Ohuumiou As: éxsivov 5’ éxheipbértog, ob dé» Hrt0r 
ovvéuswev of Odga tov Kegot, xai tv aviEnow, Sony iousy, 
Globe Sui tiv naviyvew xual tv dydva tov’ Ohuumeaxdr, 


Meylotoy tay Ondrtmy. . 


From Xenophon. 


Meta todroy Osdmoumos’ AOnvaios sine. “2 Dalvve, viv, 
Os Ov 6gds, uty oddév Gddoy Eotiv dyabdy ei uy Enka xab 
doety. Kai daha war oiv &xortes, oiousba ay xab tH doer 
roOnTOa: magaddévres o” dy tatta, xal tov CwMpatwY OTEgy- 
Ojvat. My ovy oiov, ta ova juiv dya0ad Orta tuiv mage- 
Odcew- dhdd ody tovtoig xai nEgi Tay Vustéguy dyabayv 
payovusba. “Axovoag Jé tatta 6 Daldvog éyélace, xai 
simevs > AMd gihocdpe@ mér Zonas, @ veavioxs, xai héyers 
obx aydgurta- tobe uévtor avdntos Gy, ei oles ay, THY 
MsTegay aostyv meguysevegOar HS Bagiéws Juvauswe. 
*“Abhovs O& twas Epacay Aéyerr jnouakaxclouévous, ws 
nai Kigo muaroi &yévorto, xai Baorket 7’ dv mohhov @Ecvov 
yévowro,: et Bovhorro pilog yeréobar- xai site dio um 
Péhow yojoOas, sit’ én’ Aiyunroy orgaravssy; ovyxatacrgée- 
yaw?’ Gy aito. Ev tovr@ xui Kiéagyos nme, wai resi: 


aev, ef 15n dmoxexguuévor eier. 


Sl ie ee 


beaks ial 


v 





eee 


THIRTEENTH LESSON. 91 


From Xenophon. 


Palnvog wer Sy @yeto, xai of adv aitG. Of dé naga — 
"Agiaiov ixov, Igoxhkng nai Xecgicopos: (Mévwy dé at- 
Tob éusve maga ~Aguaiw-) ovto. 0” Eheyov, Ste mohhovs 
guin’ Agudios sivar Tégous, Eavtod Bedtiovs, obs obx av ar- 
aczécbar aitotd Baokevortos: GAd et Bothecbe cuvanévac 
qxew &dn nelevter ths vuxtdcs- ef J& wy, adtds nowt dmé- 
var gnoiv, ‘O d& Kiéagyos. einsv: AAW oftm 707 
mouiv, Edy mev fuouser, Gomeg héyete* ef OF wy, modt- 
ters Gmo0iov adv tw iuiv oieabe uddota Ouvupsgew. ‘O ts 
Jé mowmjoor, 08d tovtors: sine. 

Metd 0& tadta, 75 Fdiov Sivovtos, avyxaléaas tovds 
argatnyovs xui hoyayous, elets towids: Euoi, & avdgec, 
Suvopéva iévar &ni Baowéa, ovx &yiyveto 1a feed. Kai 
eizdtws Aga ovx eyiyveto. ‘Ro ydg &yo viv nvvOdvouan, 
év uéow Auay xai Baowéws 6 Tiyons motauds éote vavai- 
19905, Ov odx av Suvaiueba dvEv mhoiwy Jiabjvar- mhoia 
0’ jusis ovx Ezouey, OF per Oy adtod ye uévery oidy TE- 
Ta ydg énityideva ovx. go Exew- iévar J& maga tods 
Kigov gihovs, mdvu xald fuiv ta vega qv. 

©N5e ovv 707 mowsiv : dnidrtas Seumveiv, Ow ts Eyer- 
éevdadv O& Onuriyn TO xégatt, Gs dvanevéabar, ovoxsra- 
CeaGe- snadddvy 08 10 Sevtegoyv, dvatibecbs eni 1a §x0- 
tvyeas éat 02 1H teitm, Eneo6e TH Ayouuevw, Ta MEY 
daoliyia Eyovtes neds Tob motauot, ta J& dnha &Fw. 
Tutta dxovourtes o¢ arguinyol xai of et he dnjhOor, 


xub émoioy otro. 


LESSONS IN GREEK. 


COMMON GREEK WORDS. 


uk means adjective, Ad. adverb, C. conjunction, N, noun, P. pronoun, 
r. participle, V. verb: m. masculine, f. feminine, n. mee, con. con- 


adi 
" Ayabos © 
“Ayabos, A. good. 


*Ayabonoew -w, 40H, xa, 
con. V. do good. 

*Ayandéw,-w, 7oW, yea, V. 
love. .- 

’* Ayadnn, N. f. love. 

” Ayantn16¢, -7, ov, par. beloved. 

*Ayyshos, -ov, angel, messen- 

er. 

’ Ayéln, -n5, f. a flock. 

“Aywosg, -a, ov, holy. 

Ayxvea,-ac, f. anchor. 

> Ayooa, -dc, f. a market. 

* Ayooa lw, -dow, jyogaxa, V. 
buy. 

* Aygo, -ov, m. a field. 

*Ayounvoc, -ov, A. sleepless. 

“Ayo, Ew, 7yxa, go, lead, Ei- 
odya, éfdya, dywria, and 
many other verbsand nouns 
are derived from this. 

’ Adely, -75, sister. 

*Adslgoc, -ov, brother. 

> Adé we, A. fearless. 

"Adixéw, -G, 7O0, 
unjustly. 

*Adixia, -ac, f. injustice. 

> Adixds, -4, ov, unjust. 

*Advvatos, impossible. 


uxa, do 





° Alnbeia 


"Ado, ow, Fxa, sing. 

> Asi, ad. alvaye. 

> Ajo, 600s, m. air. 

> Abdvutos, -ov, deathless. 

*Abijvar, -wv, f. the city of 
Athens in Greece. 

"Miyontos, f. Egypt. 

Aiwa, -atos, N. blood. 

Aigéw, -01, 100, yxa, take. 

Aigo, d96, 79x, take away. 

Aigyods, -a, ov, base. 

Aiayirvn, -ns, f. shame. 

Aigyvva, -vG, yxa, shame. 

Aité 0, -@, Ow, Nea, ask. 

Aitsé omar, -Guar, doouar, a- . 
feat, blame. 

Aidy, Gros, N. m. age, eter- 
nity. 

Aiwros, -a, ov, eternal. 

> And Oagtos, -ov, unclean. 

°Axotw,-70, xa, hear. 

* Axois, -tdos, f. locust. 

“Axgov, -ov, m. top, summit. 

“Alas, -atos, N. salt. 

’ Ahyéw, -G, 70M, yxa, to be 
distressed. 

* Alyoc, -80s, m. distress, pain. 

’ Ahextovay, -dvoc, N. a fowl. 

> Ahn Osia, -ac, f. truth. 


COMMON GREEK WORDS. 


* Alnéns 


"Ahn Ors, és, true. 

> AlnOivos, -7, ov, true. 

* AlnOGs, ad. truly. 

‘Ahted's, -€0s, m. fisherman. 

*Aiddijiwyv, P. gen.plural only, 
of one another. 

“Abios, -4, 0, P. other. 

*Aliotgvos, -ov, belonging to 
another. 

”" Ahoyos, -ov, m. (mod.) horse. 

“Als, dhos, f. salt, sea. 

*Audotnua, -atos, p. 
fault. 

‘“Apagtia, -as, f. sin. 

> Auvos, -ov, m. lumb. 

“Aunelos, -ov. f. vine. 

>’ Auneloy, @vos, m. vineyard. 

*Auwpos, -ov, blameless. 

TAY, Caf, 

‘Avaé, prep. with, through, up, 
&c. It is put before many 
verbs to form new ones. 
(See the verbs.) 

*Avayxaios, -a, ov, necessary- 

> Avdgeios, -a, ov, manly. 

"Avewos, -ov, m. wind. 

Avi, -Egos or Og6s, m. man. 

*AvOos, -e0¢, n. flower. 

*“AvOoumos, -ov, man. 

* Avti, pr. for, against, instead. 
Used with many verbs. 

“A&wos, -a, ov, worthy. 

°And,P. from. It loses o be- 
fore a vowel, and is used 
with many verbs. 

“Anta, dyo, ipa, kindle. 

*Aga, ad. whether, really. 

* Agyveos, -ov, m. silver. 

"Agyveroy, -ov, n- money. 


sin, 


93 
Baotkeia 


° Agéazxm, -G0, xa, please. 

°*Agety, ys, f- virtue. 

A gO ue w ,-G, YOu, yea, Count. 

* AQLOtd @, -O, 1TH, 7xa, dine. 

“Agiotos, =n, ov, best. 

“Agua, -atos, n. 
Modern, weapon. 

°Agdw, G-,00w, 4x0, plough. 

“Aonadlo, -OW, xa, seize. 

“Agt, ad- now. 

*“Aotos, -ov, m. bread. 

*Aoyzn, -7s, f. power, begin- 
ning. 

“Agzopar, -Eouar, begin. 

“Aozw, -§o, Foxe, govern, 
begin. 

*Aozuv, -ovtos, m. ruler. 

> Avebns, -€¢, €05, impious. 

’AoGévera, -ac, f. sickness, 
weakness. 

‘Aobevéw, -G, Yow, 7xa, to 
be sick. 

’ AaGeris, -&¢, €05, weak, sick. 

*Aotegonn, -76, f. lightning. 

> Aor7o, -€90s, m. star. 

’ Augahies, -&6, £06, safe. 

*Ayaios, -7, Ov, Grecian. 


Bb. 

Bas, -eia, v, deep. 

Balu, Bald, Bliow, Bé6hy- 
xa, throw. (Hence Latin, 
pello, and English, expel, 
impel, &c-) 

Bantito, -ow, xa, baptize. 

Bagbagos, -ov, barbarous. 

Ba g6agos, -ov, m. barbarian. 

Bagvs, -sia, v, heavy. 


chariot. 





Baothsia, -as, f. kingdoms 


94 


Baothéve 


Baowkévs, €0¢, m. king. 
Baowlet w, -Tw, Evx0, reign. 
Baaihixos, -4, 6v, kingly. 
Be ouc, -eus, f. basis. 
Bé6avos, -a, ov, firm. 
Béiivotos, -y, ov, best. 
. Bia, -ag, f. strength. 
Biblior, -ov, n. book. 
Bios, -ov, m. life. 
Bibw, -6, dow, wxe, live. 
Blanto, -yo, pe, hurt. 
Blénw, -wa, pa, see. 
Bovhy, -7s, f. council, will. 
Boviouar, -noouar, yuoat, to 
be willing. 
Bots, Bods, m. f. or n- oz, 
cow. 
Boadéws, slowly. 
Boayvs, -eta, v, short. 
Bootos, ov, m. a man. 
BoGua, -atos, n. food. 


ye 

Tag, .C. for. 

Taoryo, -€g0¢, gos, belly. 
Velda, -0, ow,axa, laugh. 

_ Vevvaiws, ad. boldly. ~ 
Veved,-cas, f. generation. 
Tévog, -60¢, a kind, race. 
Téguy, -or, old, old man. 
Temoyoc, -ov, m. farmer. 
Tq, 7s, f. earth, ground. 
Vives, avtos, m. giant. 
Tivopuar, or yeyvouacr, yoouar, 

-nuat, to be born, to happen. 
LwGoxw or Ytyvoox, yroow, 
éyvaxa, know. 
Tigéaon, 5, f. tongue. 
Wvroun, -75, knowledge. 


ft 


i 





LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Aiaxooror 


Ivowgitw, -ow, make 
known. 

Ivor, -eo0rs, f. knowledge. 

Fovevs, -E€ws, m. parent. 

yovos, -ov, m. offspring. 

yoduua, -atoc, n. letter, 
something written. 

Teauuatevs, -€o¢, m. writer. 

eapo, -yo, pa, write. 

Iupvos, -74, 6v, naked. 

Turvy, acxdg, f. woman. 


4 


Ad xgvor, -ov, n. tear. 

4axQt 0, -VOW, vxa, weep. 

4é, C. but, and. 

Asi, V. (without changes,) 7¢ 
ought, it must. 

Asiyua, -atos, n. example. 

Aevuviur, dOciftw, déderzye, 
show. 

Aeihos, -%, 6v, cowardly. 

4e.vdc, -7, Ov, frightful. 

Asinvoy, ov, n. supper. 

dé xojgA. ten. 

Aéxatoc, -n, ov, tenth. 

4év, ad. not mod. From ov- 
dé. 

Aévdgov,-ov, n. tree. 

4ekib¢, -¢, ov, right (hand.) 

Aeonotns, -ov, m- master. 

Aev'tEgos, -7, ov, second. 

4é youct, -Eoua, -deypmar, take. 

47, ad. but, truly. 

47uo0s, -ov, m. people. 

4d, prep. through, by, of. 
Added to many verbs. 

A.ab7xn, -ns,f. testament. 

4:axdarot, -at, «, twohundred. 


txa, 


ay 


COMMON GREEK WORDS. 95. 


- Mat 


| Anti, ad. why ? 


A.dagzxuhos, -ov, m. teacher. 
Adacna, -Ew, aya, teach. 
Aidour, dacw, dédwxa, give. 
Aikavos, -u, ov, just. 


40, C. therefore. 
Avot, C. because. 


Awan, -8, 40, wyxe, thirst. 

Aionwrtw, -za, drive off. 

Aoxén, -6, O65, dedoze, 
think, seem. — 

Aoxiuatlu, -ow, axa, try. 

Aodhos, -ov, m. deceit. 

465«a, -7, f glory. 

Aokdtw, -ow, xa, glor ‘ify. 

Aovieia, -aS, a service. 

Aothos, -ov, in. servant. 

Agéxwv, ovtos, m. dragun, 
snake. 

4c, vos, f. oak. 

Aivauar, 4oouat, to be able, 
can. 

Avvaurs, -ews, f. power. 

Avbvatos, -7, Ov, possible. 

430, or dda, two. 

Av oxohoc, -ov, difficult. 

4a0exa, twelve. 

Awged, ads, f. gift. 

Adgov, -ov, n. gift. 


E 
Euv, C. if. : 
“Eavtov, -7%5, 9v, 
her, or itself. 
°Eb6Soudda, week. 
‘Ebyite, -0W, xa, come near. 
"E6 Jouos, -7, ov, seventh. 
"Eysigw, -£90, xu, raise. 


°* Byxoareca,-«s, f. temperance. 


P. of him, 





“Eurcogog: 


Eyxoatys, -§¢, temperate. 

"Ey@, 80d or mod, I, of me. 

"Edvos, -e0¢, n. nation. 

Ei, C. if, though. 

Ei uy, C. if not, unless. 

Eida, cicouce, oida, know. 

Eizoat, twenty. 

Eizxay, ovos, f. image. 

Eius, Egoune, be. 
Evoyv7, ~y¢, £ peace: 

Eis, prep. in, tnto,to. Joined 
with many verbs. 

Ets, Mia, EV, one. 

Ex, prep. _ from, out of. Joined 
with many verbs. ° 


“Exadtos, -, 0, each. 


°Exsi, ad. here. 

*Exeivos, -n, ov, he, she, it. 

* Exulyoia, -as, f. church. 

*Extos, -y, ov, sixth. 

Ela yvorog, least. 

"Eleos, -ov, m. pity. 

*Elsufegia, -as, f. freedom, 
liberty. 

°ElevOegos, -a, ov, free. 

*Elsv@e900, -G, oFw, wxa, to 
set free. 

Elavo, -om, dra. 

‘Ellas, -d005, f, Greece. 

“Elinv, -nvos, m. Greek. 

‘Elijonovtos, -ov, m. Greek 
sea, Hellespont. 

’ Einis, idos, f. hope. 

‘Euavrov, -7s ob, P. of my- 
self. 

"Eu600G, -70m, mod. be able, 
can. 

‘Euds, -4; ov. P. my, mine. 


"Eurogo;, -ov, m. merchant. 


\e 


96 


> Ey 


°Ev, prep. in, with, by. Joined 
to many verbs. 

*Evavtiov, ad. before. 

»>Evaytios, -ov, opposite. 

»Evdofos, -ov, glorious. 

~Evduua, -atos, clothing. 

sEvdvva, -vow, (or évdvo, 
-70,) creep into. 

“Evexa, or évexer, or eivexa, 
ad. because of. 

° Evvéa, ad. nine. 

°Evraida, ad. then. 

’ Evrohy, -7s, f. command. 

’Evanvor, ad. before. 

EE, prep- from, out of. Comes 
before a vowel for é* ; used 
before many verbs. | 

° En’ or éat, prep. upon. 

° Exawéo,-G, 408, exe, praise. 

*Ena.vos, -ov, m. praise. 

’Enevdy, ad. since, if. 

°Eni or €2’, prep. upon. 

*Envorohy, -i5, f. letter. 

“Enouat, Ewouat, go with. 

“Eno, cima, say. 

"Egyatoua, -doowar, aouce, 
work. 

’ Eoyaoia, -as, f. labor, job. 

° Egyatys, -ov, m. laborer. 

“Eoyor, -ov, n- work. 

*Eozouat, shevooucs, 7ivba, 
come. 

Eowtdo, -@, 79, nxa, ask. 
°Eg, for ets, prep. into, in, to. 
> Eosic, mod. P. for mets you. 
>Eabiw, or 00m, -igw, txa, 

eat. 

‘Eonéoa, -as, f. evening. 

*Eayatos, -7, ov, last. 


LESSONS IN GREEK. 


‘H 
"Eratgeia, -as, f. society. — 
Modern. 
*Etaigosg, -ov, m. friend. 
“Etegos, -a, ov, another. 
“Ew, ad. yet. 
‘“Erowudto, 
ready. 
“Etowmos, ov, ready. 
"Etos, €0¢5, n. year. 
Ev dawmorvia, -as, f. happiness. 
Evdaimwy, -ov, happy. 
Evdoxéw, -G, 4ow, yea, take 
pleasure. 
Ev Ous, ad. soon. 
EvOvs, -ete, v, strait, right. 
Evoioxw, -jow, nxe, find. 
Esee@nn, -ns, f. Europe. 
Et oéGeva, -as, f. piety. 
Eioe6ys, -e¢, pious. 
Ebtuyia, -as, f. good fortune. 
Etpooovrn, -75, f. pleasure. 
°Eq’ for éxi, before a vowel. 


-0W, «a, 


yet, 


|" E79 od, -ac, f. enmity. 


"Ez0006, -d, ov, hostile. 

"Ezw, €o or oi, Eoynxa, 
have. 

"Eos, ad. until. 


Z 
Zao, -4, (oo, live. 
Zépvgos, -ov, zephyr. 
Znuia, as, f. loss. 
Znrtéw, -G, 7TH, nxa, seek. 
Zon, -7S, f. life. 
Zvyos, -ov, m. yoke. 
Zaoy, -ov, n- animal. 


H 





‘H, article, the. 


xe 


COMMON GREEK WORDs. 


“HH 
“H, C. than. 
‘Hyepor, -dvos, govenor. 
‘Hdéws, ad. gladly. 
*Hdn. ad. now. 
“Hdovn, -is, f. vieaeure: 
“Hzxw, 7a, to be present, 

come. 

“Hitos, -ov, m. sun. 
‘Hué oa, -as, f. day. 
*Hyw, -605, ovs, f. echo. 


0 


Oa, or Séva, mod. for tei 
iva, Deleis iva, &e. 
Odlagoa, or Fahatta, or Fah- 
agon, -4¢, f. sea. 
Odvatoc, -ov, m. death. 
Oadnto, -wa, pa, bury. 
Oavuttw, -0w, xa, wonder. 
Oavuactos, yj, 0”, wonderful. 
Occ oat, -TOMar, "ar, see. 
Oéargor, -orv, n. theatre. 
Acios, -a, ov, divine. 
Oglnua, -at0s, will, wish. 
Osho, -7ou, xa, wish, desire. 
Osva, mod. abbre. sometimes 
written for té4@, va. 
Oedc, -ov, m. God. 
Osoameva,-8W, xa, cure. 
Os guouds, -ov, m. harvest. 
Ozeouds, -ov, m. heat. 
Oxjosvw -o, xa, hunt. 
Onoiov, -ov, N. wild beast. 
Oncaveds, -0d, m. treasure. 
Ovntos, -7,-6¥, mortal. 
Oolia, hat. 
Ogik, toizos, f. hair. 
Oodvos, -ov, m. throne, 
Ova, -ac, f. door. 


9* 


.Kaléw, 





97 
Kayo 
rs 


[dtg65, -ov, m. physician. 


"We, ad. behold. 


"tos, -@, OV; own. 
*Idov, ad. behold ! 
‘Iegevs, -E€ws, m. priest. 
‘Iegov, ov, n. temple. 
‘egos, -&, Ov, sacred. 


‘“Tuatvov, -ov. n. garment. 
“Iva, C. that, so that, (often 


written ’»@ in modern.) 


“Innevs, -€0S,m. horseman. 
“Inmos, -ov, m. f. & n. horse. 
“Igos, -n, ov, equal. 


*Ia6w, -G, Gow, equalize. 


* [otyue, or Ow, ETtaxa, place. 


*Tayveos, -, Ov, strong. 
*Toxis, -vos, f. strength. 
*Tozio, -0w, ya, be able, can. 


"Iows, ad. equally, perhaps. 


T7655, Mos, m. fish. 


|’ Iwavyns, -ov, m. John. 


*Tavas, -ov,m- Jonas. 


K 
Ka’ or xatd, prep. by, for. 
Kafdzeo, ad. as. 
Kafugds, -é, dv, pure. 
Kaéwes, or ata os, ad. as. 
Kai, C. and, also. 
Kaugos, -ov, time. 
Kaxzia, -«¢, wickedness. 
Kaxor, -00, n. evil. 
Kazos, 4, 6”, bad. 
-0, IW, xexhnxa, 

call. 

Kaiiiwy, -ov, better. 
Kehds, -4, 6», good, beautiful. 
Kaiuyw, do, make, modern. 


98 
Koga €vov 


Kaga6vor, -ov, ov, n. 
modern. 
Kagdia, -as, f. heart. 
Kaoaés, -08, m. fruit. 
Kara, prep. against. 
Ke'ro, ad. below. 
Kégd0c, -60S, m. gain. 
Kegahy, -75, f. head. 
_Kyjjev§, vxos, m. crier. 
Kyros, -80s, ous, n. whale. 
Kivdvuvog, -ov, m. danger. 
Kwéo, -G, 400, nxe, shake. 
Kididos, -ov, m. branch. 
Khéntns, -ov, m. thief. 
Kingovouog, -ov, m. heir. 
Kiivo, -vG, xa, bend. 
Koihia, -o¢, f. belly. 
Kowwvos, -05, m. partaker. 
Koxxog, -ov, m. berry, kernel. 
Koinosg, -ov, m. bason, gulf. 
Konto, -yo, pa, cut. 
Kégak, , -@x0S, M. crow, raccae 
K60n, -7s, f. girl. 


ship, 


Koovo4, -1S, f. top. in 


Kéopos, -ov, m. world. 
Ko%66atos, -ov, m. bed. 
Koatéo,-6, 4ow, nea, govern. 
Koavy7%, -ys, f. cry, noise. 
Kgivw, -vG, xa, judge. 
Koiors, -ews, f. judgement. 
Korris, -ov, m: judge. 
Koy'nrm, -wo,*pa, conceal. 
Krsivw, xteve, éxtaxa, kill. 
Kiya, -atos, n. wave. 
Kvgvos, -ov, m. master. : 
Kiwy, xvvds, m. f. & n. dog. 


A 





AdbQa, ad.-secretly. 


LESSONS IN GRBEK. 


Mavia 


Aaléw, -w, 100, 7a, speak. 

Aaubever, Ajwoun, Ashnga, 
take. 

Atiune, -wo, pa, shine. 

Atos, -ov, m. people. 

Aéya, -Eo, za, say. 

Asinw, -ywo, pa, leave. 

Aé wy, -ovtos, m. lion. 

Anorys, -08, m. robber. 

Aibos, -ov, m. stone. 

Away, -Evos, m. harbor. 

Aiurn, -ys, f. lake. 

Avuds, -ov, m. famine. 

Adyos, -ov, m. speech, reason, 
word, 

Aoiuds, -ov, m. pestilence. 

Aownds, +, Ov, remaining. 

A0v 0), -00, xa, wash. 

Adxzog, -ov, m. wolf. 

Aunéw, -4Ow, nea, grace. 

Ainn, -ns, f. grief. 

Ay 9a, -as, f. harp. 


| Avbyvos, -ov,m. light, lamp. 


Avior, ou, vee, set free, loose. 


M 


MiOnors, ~ews, f. instruction. 


MaOntys, -o8, m. © scholar, 
learner. 
Mazagifw, -ow, xa, think 
happy. 


Maxdgtos, -a, ov, happy. 
Maxods, -&, ov, long. 


Madhvora, ad. chiefly, very 
much. In mod. yes. 


Mihov, ad. rather. 

MavOava, “aby cous, usd - 
Onxa, learn. 

Mavia, -a¢, f. madness 


COMMON GREEK WORDS. 


Magia 


Magia, -ac, f. Mary. 

.Ma gtve, -os, m. f. & n. wit- 
ness. 

Maori 9é o, -G, 17H, yxa, bear 
witness. 

Maotvoia, -as, f. testimony. 

Mas, P.us. Often used in 
mod. for 74ucés. 

Ma xn, -s, f. battle, fight. 

Mayoucr, joouar, nua, fight. 

Méya, ad. greatly. 

Méyac, -éhn, a, great. 

MéyeGos, -80c, n- greatness. 

MEOn, -ns, f. drunkenness. 

Meilwr, -ov, greater. 

Méhec, -awwa, A. black. 

Méii, -ttos, n_ honey. 

Méhvaoa, or -tTTa, ONS, OF TNS, 
f. bee. 

Mello, -yow, will do, shall do. 

Mév, ad. really, indeed. 

Mé vu, -@, xa, remain. 

Meois, -vos, f. part. 

MéQg0¢, -£0¢, n., portion. 

Méao0s, -7, ov, midst. 

Mev’ for wetd, prep. with, af- 
ter. Joined to many verbs. 

Mé zou, ad. until. 

Mn, C. or particle, not, or, &c. 

Myde, C. nor, neither. 

Mn deis, -uia, év, compound of 
un and eés, no one, none. 

Myxéte, ad. not yet. 

Myv, -vos, m. month. 

unto, -€90¢ or gos, mother. 

Mixoo's, &, dv, small. 

Miséw, -7 00, xa, hate. 

Mods, -od, m. reward. 

Myvijua, -atos, n, tomb. 


‘O 
| Mvyjun, -ns, f. memory. 
Mvrjpoverdw,-evow, remember. 
Morn, -ys, f. dwelling, man- 
ston. ‘ 
Movor, ad. solely, only. 
Movos, -7, ov, alone. 
Mi@os, -ov, m. fable, speech, 
word. 
Mugior, -at, a, 10,000. 
Mogia, -a, as, f. folly. 


N 


Naos, -ov, m. temple. 

Navyia, -ac, f. shipwreck. 

Nats, vads, f. ship. 

Neavias, -ov, m. young man. 

Wexgds, -a, dv, dead. 

Néos, -a@, ov, new, young. 

Negédn, -7s, f. cloud. 

Nicos, -ov, f. island. 

Nixd w, -0, 7 Fw, 1*a, conquer. 

Ninto, -yo, pa, wash. 

Noéw, -G, 4ow, nxa, think. 

Nouitw, -cw, za, esteem, 
think. 

Nouos, -ov, m. law. 

Néos, vous, voov, vov, m. 
mind. 

Noaos, -ov, f. disease. 

Nien, -75, f. bride. 

Wiv, ad. now. 

Wvé, -xt0¢, f. night. 





— 
a” 
—_ 


Févos, -, ov, foreign. 
Févos, -ov, m. a foreigner. 


O 


‘0,7, t6, Article, the. 





100 


"Ode 


"Obs, ide, t658, this. 
4, 70 joined to dé.) 
“Odds, -00, f. way, road. 
> Odovs, -dvtos, m. tooth. 
Oizéw, -G, OW, @xyxa, in- 

habit, dwell. 
Oixia, -asc, f. house. 
Oixioyv, -ov, n. 
small house. 
Oixos, -ov, m. house. 
Oivos, -ov, m. wine. 
Oiouar or offer, djoopuar, 
G@yuct, think, believe. 
’ Oxted, eight. 
’ Oluyos, -n, ov, few, little. 
“Ohos, -y, 0”, whole, all. 
* Ourhicae, -ac, f. conversation. 
“Ouoros, -a, ov, like. 
* Ovoma, -atos, n. name. 
“Ovtos, ad. really, truly. 
*OnvoGerv, ad. behind. 
“ Onhorv,-ov, n. arms, ahve 
“Oxou, ad. where. Sr 
“Ons, ad. so that. i 
“ Ogé ov, -G, aou, axa, see. 
> Ooy7, -ns, f. wrath, anger. 
*Ooyitm, ow, xa, enrage, es 
voke, be angry. 
> O00Gs, ad. rightly, vevetels Yy. 
*Ogvis, -1Ooc, m. f. & n. bird, 
fowl. 
“O05, -806, - mountain. 
"Os, 7, 6, P. who, which, what. 
> Oour, -s, f. smell, odor. 
°Oonytov, -ov, n. house, 
modern. 
* Ooté ov, -0vY, ov, 0. bone. 
*Ootts, qs, ot, P. whoever. 


¢ | 


dwelling, 





"Orav, ad. when. 
"Ors, ad. when. 


LESSONS IN GREEK. 


Tegal 


Ov, ad. where, whither. 

Ob for obx, ad. no, not. 

Ovdaues, ad. not at all, by 
no means. a 

Ovdeis,(ovdx and cic, wie, &r,) 
no one. 

Ovx, ad. no, not. 

Ot7z, ad. not yet. 

Ovoavos, -ov, m. heaven. 

Ovr’*= obte, C. nor, neither. 

Obtos, ait, todro, P. this, 
that. 

Otro or ovros, ad. so, thus. 

Opbalhuds, -o8, m. eye. 

*Ozhos, -ov, m. multitude. 


TIeBos, -s0s, ovs, n. suffering. 
ITatdeia, -ac, f. instruction, 
education. 


‘| Tad ed w,-ow,xa, instruct, ed- 


ucate. 
Tawiov, -ov, n. child. 
Tlais, nados, m. f. & n. child. 


‘| Hadhoids, -d, dv, old. 


Ila vtote, ad. always. 

ITaano¢, -ov, m. grandfather. 

IIe’ for wage, prep. of, from, 
by, than. Putbefore many 
verbs. 

Ilis, ma@oa, n&v, all, every 
one. 

Tlurye, -£965, e065, m- father. 

ITargis, -ido¢, f. country. 

ITediov, -ov, n. plain. 

Tlcidw, -ow, xénowOa, per- 
suade. 

ITeiva, -4¢, f. hunger. 

Tlewgd tw, -ow, xa, tempt, 


COMMON GREEK WORDs. 


TTegaw 
TTsig¢w,-w, dow, 4ou, xa, 
try, tempt. 
Tléhayos, -e05, n. sea. 
Tléunw,-ww, pa, send, 
Tléyns, -ytos, m. f. & n. a 
poor person or laborer. 
ITevia, -as, f. poverty. 
Ilévre, five. 
Ilegaw,-0, 00, 10H, pass. 
TIegi, prep. about, with. : 
ITetewwos, -7, ov, winged ; (as 
a noun, bird.) 
IIny%, -ns, f. fountain, well. 
IMge, -as, f. bag. 
ITivo, néow, mEexwxa, drink. 
Tlintw, 11000, néntwxe, fall. 
Motevw, ow, xa, believe. 
Tliotis, -ews, f. faith. 
Moros, -%, ov, faithful. 
ITiatos, -€05, m. breadth. 
IThatus, -sia, v, wide. 
ITheiwy, -ov, ovos, more. 
IThévs, -d, dv, full. 
IThyj Gos, -80¢, ovs, fulness. » 
IThnv, ad. but, except. 
IThnens, -€s, full. 
TIln900,-G, G00, wxa, fill. 
IThoiov, -ov, n. ship. 
IThovaiog, -a, ov, rich. 
IThovtitw, -0@, xa, enrich. 
Thoitos, -ov, m. wealth. 
ITvet pa, -atos, n. spirit. 
Io6ev, ad. whence. 
Tlovéw, -@, Ow, memoinxa, 
do, make. 
Howry, -€voc, m. shepherd. 
Holepé w, -w, 100, 4x0, make 
war. 
Iclepuos, -ov, m. war, fight. 





101 


ITe@to¢ 


TTdhis, -ews, f. city, state. 

TIohitns, -ov, m. citizens. 

Toda xus, ad. often. 

TTokv, ad. much. Put before 
many adjectives. 

HohuuaOys, -ns, 
learned. 

TTohis, dy, ¥, much, many. 

TTovngds, -&, ov, wicked. 

IT6vos, m. labor. 

ITovtos, -ov, m, sea. 

Iovtita, -ow, sink. 

Tlogsvoucr, evcoucs, 
go. 

ITo Gos, -y, ov, how much ? 

TTotauos, -o0, m. river. 

IToté, ad. once, in future. 

ITot, ad. where. 

ITov¢, 2000s, m. foot. 

IIgéyua, -atos, n. thing. 

ITga Es, -ews, f. act. 

IIgaoom, or -ttw, Ew, xa, do. 

IIneo6evs, -ews, m. ambas- 
sador. 

ITgéa6us, -v, old. 

ITgea6vtns, -ov, m. old man. 

ITg9, prep. before. Put be- 
fore many verbs, nouns, &c. 

ITg66ator, -ov, n. ship. 

Too0didwpr, -Swow, dédwxc, 
betray. 

ITg6s, prep. to, toward. Joined 
with many verbs & nouns. 

ITgdaxaigos, -ov, temporary. 

ITg00@, ad. before. 

ITgogpytys, -ov, m. prophet. 

ITg@%, ad. morning. 

HgGtov, ad. first, at first. 

ITgGt0¢, -n, ov, first. 


80S, very 


sv uae, 


102 
ITenvog 


Irn v0s, “> ov, winged. 
ITra@zos, -%, dv, poor. 
ITéhn, -y¢, f. door. 
TlvvOdvowar, mevyooce, 
mug mar, persuade. 
TIvgapis, -idoc, f. pyramid. 
IT6Q, -e0s, n. fire. 
Iwkéw, -6, 400, nee, sell. 
Il@s, ad. how ? 


r 


‘Padwos, -a, ov, easy. 
“Pevua, -atos, n. current. 
“Pima, -ates, n. word. 
“P7twe, a m- orator. 
“Pita, -y, f. root. 

“Pon, -n¢, f. Rome. 


= 

Zadok, caguds, £. flesh. 
ds, mod. P. for Yuas, you. 
Lavrov 
Soeeres, Pf thyself. 
Seiw, -0w, xa, shake. 
Eqpsior, -Ov, n. sign. 
Z7uegor, Ms to-day- (tak 

sometimes, 07 ueges.) 
Lidneos, -ov, m. iron. 
Zivynt, -e0¢, n. mustard. 
Sxavdchito, -ooi, xe, offend. 
Yxnv7y, ys, f. tent. 
XYzhavos, -ov, m. slave, mod. 
Sxorewos, -7, ov, dark. 
Yzoreia, -ag, f. darkness. 
Lxotilo, -ow, xa, darken. 


| Yxdt0¢,-€0s,0uc, m. darkness. 


Xéos, -7, Ov, safe. 
X0¢, -7, Ov, thine. 
Zogpia, -a«c, f. wisdom. 


%E- 






<< bd 





LESSONS_IN GREEK. 


Teheiog 


Lopes, -7, Ov, wise. 

21£i9o, -9G, ETnugxa, sow. 

Znovdetw, -cw, xa, hasten, 
endeavor. Modern, study. 

Zraveos, -ov, m. cross. 

Zraveda, -G, dow, wa, crib 
cify. 

Tr1é Paros, -ov, m. crown. 

216me, -atos, n. mouth. 

rei apy saey serge n. : are. 

STeateia, -as, f. 

ZteatGtys, -ov, m. soldier. 

reatds, -00, army. 

STEEP, -Pw, Ma, turn. 

=v, P. thou, gov, of thee. 

Lvyyer7s, -e5, a relation. 

vy, prep. with. Put before 
many verbs, nouns, &e. of- 
ten changing » for some 
other letter. 


Ypdoow, -tr9, Ew, kill. 
Tl, -0w, xa, save. 
} zone, -@TOS, N- body. 


YHos, -ov, or 9006, -ov, safe. 
| Swrje, -#Q0s, m . Savior. 
Yormoia, -as, f. salvation: 
Lwpooirn, -4¢, f. wisdom. 
Togpowy, -ov, wise. 


fy 


Takis, -ews, f. order. 


‘Tagagow, or -Tro, Ew, xe, 


trouble. 
Tad gos, -ov, m. bull. 
Tag, 7S, f. burial. 
Tazivw, -6, yxa, hasten. 
Teizos, -€0s, n- wall. 
Téxvor, -ov, n. child. 
Téhecos,-a,0r, finished, perfect, 


COMMON GREEK WORDS. 


Tehevow 


Teletow, -G, wom, wxa, finish. 

Telsvtaioy, ad. finally. 

Tehevid 01,-0) 57) 0,70, inion 7 

Teléo, -G, ETW, Exc, 

Télos, -e0¢,n- end. 

Téuyo, -uG, unxea, c 

Tij¥, article, the ; and mod. 
P. for attyy, her. 

Tetné, -cyoc, m. grasshopper, 
locust, cricket. 

Tézvn, -ns, f. art, trade. 

TnQéw, -G, ATW, nxa, keep. 

TiOnws, -Ojom, téOerxa, put. 

Tiua @, -G, 4ow, 7xe, honor. 

Tiuy, -n¢, f. honor. 

Tiusos, -a, ov, honorable. 

Tis, tt, who? what ? 

Ti, ti, some one. 


To.ovtog, torattn, tToovTo, 
such. 

Toiyos, -ov, or 
bs at, m. wall. 


Tetzos, -ov, 

Tov, article, the ; and so 
times mod. abbreviation 
advtov, him. 

Tvgevm, -ov, 
bow. 

To§os, -ov, m. bow. 

To0¢, -ov, m. place. 

Togottos, -avty, otro, so 
great. 

Tore, ad. then. 

Tovs, sometimes 
mod. for edtovs, them. 

Tesis, three. 

Teénw, -Eww, epa, turn. 

Toeépa, Foeww, tétQaga.feed. 

Tow xorta, thirty. 


shoot with a|° 


used by/"y 





Tei6w, -wo, pa, rub. 


= 


103 
Paiva 
To0 ratory, -ov, n. monument. 
To0g7, -7S, f. food. 
Tgitos, -y, ov, third. 
Tovq7, -is, f. luxury. 
Teayo, te@souae, TéTQM Za, 
eat, gnaw. 
Tinos, -ov, m. mark, type. 
Tintw, -wo, pa, strike _ 
Tugavvis, idos, f. tyrranny. 
Tvgavvos, -ov, m. tyrant. 
Tugios, -7, ov, blind. 
Tizn, -ns, f. fortune, mis- 
fortune. 


Y 
‘Yysia, -as, f. health. 
“Yyods, -a@, ov, wet. 
‘Yogev, -ow, bring water. 
“Yduo, tdatos, n. water. 
Yi6s, -od, m. son. 
“Yin, -y4¢, f. wood, material. 
“Yuetegos, -a, ov, your. 
‘Yn€o, prep. for, through. Put 
before many verbs, &c. 
“Yanoémys, -ov, m. servant. 
Y2voc, -ov,m. sleep. 
‘¥x0, prep. by, from. Put be- 
fore many verbs, &c. 
‘Yaddnua, -atos, n. shoe. — 
(From ¢70 and dé.) 
‘¥aoxgirns, -ov, m. hypocrite. 
*“Ywrlos, -7, ov, high. 
wos, -ews, n. height. 


P 
Diyo or Gyyw, gpayoas, 
Egpayor, (2d Aorist,) eat. 
Paiva, ~uvw, nepayxa, ap- 
pear. 





104 
PaveQac 


@aveods, ad. openly, clearly. 

Dd guaxov, -ov, n. medicine. 

DEQ, -0i00, ErAvoxa, carry, 
bring. 

Devym, pev Fouce, mE DEY a, 
flee, put to flight. 

Oni, PUT, say. 

Db ciow, -EQG, xa, lay waste. 

DOoyyos, -ov, m. sound. 

@POdvos, -ov, m- envy, blame. 

Dihéw, -G, 4Ow, axe, love. 

@ilos, -n, ov, dear, loved. 

@iloc, -ov, m. friend. 

@16&, -oyds, f. flame. 

Dobé w,-6, Fam, nxe, frighten. 

660s, -ov, m. fear. 

Dogéw, -G, iow, xa, hold, 
carry: 

Dogtior, 


fright. 


-ov, n. burthen, 


Dotto, -cw, xa, speak, say. 


Dodoow, -tte, ‘Ew, ya, for- 
tify. 

Poovyjua, -atos, n. opinion. 
will. . 

Dooviwos, -a, ov, Wise. 

Dyn, -n5, f. flight. 

Dulhaxy, -715, f. watch, prison. 

@vidoow, -t10, Fw, xa, keep, 

ard. 

Diarc, -Ewec, f, nature. 

Dio or pvur, -70, xa, pro- 
duce, grow. 

@ov7, -7S, f. voice. 

és, pwtds, n. light, fire, 
torch. 

PatEewos, 


bright. 


-4, 6%, clear, 


LESSONS IN GREEK. 


* Qyehéw 
xX 


Xaigo, yaQG, xé anya, rejoice. 

Xakemds, -7, ov, cruel. 

Xalzodc, -o0, m. brass, copper. 

Xagd,-as, f. joy. 

Xaga#t7Q, -7/g0s, m- charac- 
ter, mark. 

Xd gus, -etos, f. grace; thanks. 

Xeio, -o¢, f. hand. 

Xijoa, -as, f. widow. 

XOés, ad. yesterday. 

Xogevw, -ow, dance. 

Xojuc,-atoc, n. thing, money. 

Xonouos, -, ov, useful. 

Xgnatds, -7, 6v, good, useful. 

Xgvotds, -o0, m. Christ, an- 
ointed. 

Xodvoc, -ov, m. time. 

Xgvaeos, -ots, fa, -H, £0%, 

ody, golden. 










Xa, -ac, f. coast, country. 
Cagis, ad. without. 


rs 

Pevdrs, -e¢, false, deceitful. 
Petdoc, -e0¢, n.- lie. 

Pdyoc, -ov, m blame. 
Puy, -7s, f. soul, life. 


Q 

“2, ad. oh. 
* NSe, ad. so, here. Mod. 800. 
“Noa, -as, f. hour. 
*flc, ad. 
“fg, C. 
* Qoneg, ad. 
’"Neeléw,-G, FIw, yxa, aid, 

need. 


as. 











ERRATA. 
[The reader is requested to mark these corrections in the book.| 
Page. Line. for * read 
5 17 times tunes. 
12 2 from bottom é e 
13 6 delta délta. ' 
*: 7 epsilon Epsilon. 
“ 5 from bottom epsilon epsilon. 
‘48 15 rho Tipo. 
68 9 from bottom  sxadoyeia mavdoxeta 
74 xabicere xabicate- 
75 6 Datverec Paltverat. 
“e 4 from bottom  Zed¢ap’ Zerods. 
76 iz épionoev épioncay. 
10 from bottom 1% tée. 
78 verse 39 Gerelre Gnretre. 
verse 1 *Avdpss adeAGui Avdpes GdedrGot, 
82 4frombottom Epi. Ets "El, els. . 
83 Here are several errors in the accents: o: and « should be 
ccented on ¢. * 
ae a Kata 
5 omby, 
10 ri 
86 10 xapaBiov 
20 rdcoxw ndoyu. 
89 9from bottom — droios éxotas. 











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